简介：在2015年9月8-9日发生在四川省上的一个地区性的重降水事件基于从气象站获得的时时观察的降水数据和NCEPFNL数据被分析。二个潮湿的动态参数，即，潮湿的涡度(m)和潮湿的分叉(m)，被用来诊断这个重降水事件。结果证明在西南的中国上的地形学有这二个参数的能力上的重要影响诊断降水。当地形学的影响是弱的时(即，低高度)，m不能确切在事件的起始的阶段描绘降水的地点。然后，当降水发展，它描绘地点的能力显著地改善。特别地，m在事件的山峰阶段期间与降水的地点与最好一致。而且，m中心的进化与降水中心的进化显示出高一致性。为m，尽管一些虚惊的区域是明显的，它几乎完全在降水事件期间反映降水的地点。然而，m中心与降水中心显示出矛盾。这些结果建议m和m有一个重要能力预言降水的地点。而且，m以预言降水中心的可变性比m有一个更强壮的能力。不管多么当地形学的影响是强壮的时(即，高高度)，这两二个潮湿的动态参数是不能的在全部降水事件期间描绘降水的地点和中心，建议他们的弱能力在复杂地形学上预言降水。

简介：奥氏体的热抵抗钢为先进supercritical锅炉，核反应堆，超级加热器和化学反应堆被认为候选人材料同样重要由于他们高力量的有利联合，腐蚀抵抗，完美的机械性质，可使用性和低费用。因为钢的降水行为将在在提高的温度的长期的服务期间导致机械性质的恶化，在钢的微观结构澄清第二等的阶段的进化是必要的。这里，在降水行为和变粗的机制的最近的进步的一篇摘要各种各样在奥氏体的钢在老化期间猛抛被做。各种各样的第二等的阶段在服务条件下面被形成，象MXcarbonitrides一样，M23C6碳化物，Z阶段，西格马阶段和洗分阶段执行。这被发现M23C6碳化物比MXcarbonitrides的高得多。以便理解热变丑机制，一个组成的方程能被建立，并且因此获得了处理地图对优化热处理参数有益，导致改进了热处理钢的性质。

简介：许多观察研究证明了那变丑象垂直涡度和分叉一样，是仔细与强壮的降水的出现和分发有关。在这份报纸，在降水诊断包含变丑，称为潜在的变丑(PD)的一个新参数被导出然后在模仿的mesoscale以内适用于降水察觉对流系统(MCS)。PD包括拉长变丑和砍的变丑的两个并且当它不随着旋转坐标变化，到这个程度与变丑分享类似的特征，这被显示出。模仿的MCS的诊断表明PD表现很好在跟踪MCS降水。以他们的分布模式，PD的大值的区域类似于在MCS的不同发展阶段的降水。在PD以内包含的物理过程的详细分析证明它能反映三维的潮湿变化，垂直的风砍并且在MCS以内弯屈变丑。这些结构通常是在猛抛以内的表面寒冷水池，后面的流入喷气，向下冷的空气流动和向上温暖的潮湿的流动的特征的全面思考对流房间。为这个原因，PD比非猛抛的空气在猛抛的空气显示出强壮得多的异例，它在在MCS以内检测重降水为它的申请暗示可观的潜力。

简介：Microbe-inducedcalciteprecipitationisasustainableimprovementtechniqueforsandysoil,whichcanalterthepropertiesofsandviamicrobialactivity.Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedtheloose-sand-consolidationeffectbycontrollingtheinjectionvelocity,bacterialandcementingsolutionconcentrations,andholdtimes.Theresultsdemonstratethat,asthecyclicbatchincreases,theutilizationrateofthebacterialfluidincreasesandboththeopticaldensity(OD600)ofthebacteriaandureaseactivitydecrease.Moreover,itwasdeterminedthata3-hholdtimefora0.5mol/Lcementingsolutionwithacementingfluidvelocityof2mL/minhasthegreatestbondingeffect.Thefinalstrengthoftheloosesandwithanincreaseincalciumcarbonatecontentwasfurtherdiscussed.

简介：磷的分离和在IN706合金的谷物边界的磷化物的降水上的磷内容和热处理的效果被调查了。磷化物有MNP的stoichiometry(M=Nb，Ti和N=Ni，Fe，Cr)并且斜方晶的水晶结构。在IN706合金的谷物矩阵的磷的溶解度决心在0.008%和0.013%之间。当为打印的3-D的表面修正在980l浸泡了时，植入。在这研究，有毛孔的圆柱的多孔的Ti6Al4V(Ti64)脚手架640缩放吗？？

简介：

简介：Aconvection-allowingensembleforecastexperimentonasqualllinewasconductedbasedonthebreedinggrowthmode(BGM).Meanwhile,theprobabilitymatchedmean(PMM)andneighborhoodensembleprobability(NEP)methodswereusedtooptimizetheassociatedprecipitationforecast.Theensembleforecastpredictedtheprecipitationtendencyaccurately,whichwasclosertotheobservationthaninthecontrolforecast.Forheavyrainfall,theprecipitationcenterproducedbytheensembleforecastwasalsobetter.TheFractionsSkillScore(FSS)resultsindicatedthattheensemblemeanwasskillfulinlightrainfall,whilethePMMproducedbetterprobabilitydistributionofprecipitationforheavyrainfall.Preliminaryresultsdemonstratedthatconvection-allowingensembleforecastcouldimproveprecipitationforecastskillthroughprovidingvaluableprobabilityforecasts.Itisnecessarytoemploynewmethods,suchasthePMMandNEP,togenerateprecipitationprobabilityforecasts.Nonetheless,thelackofspreadandtheoverpredictionofprecipitationbytheensemblemembersarestillproblemsthatneedtobesolved.

简介：TheinterannualvariationsofrainfalloversouthwestChina(SWC)duringspringanditsrelationshipwithseasurfacetemperatureanomalies(SSTAs)inthePacificareanalyzed,basedonmonthlymeanprecipitationdatafrom26stationsinSWCbetween1961and2010,NCEP/NCARre-analysisdata,andHadleyglobalSSTdata.SensitivitytestsareconductedtoassesstheresponseofprecipitationinSWCtoSSTAsovertwokeyoceanicdomains,usingtheglobalatmosphericcirculationmodelECHAM5.TheinterannualvariationofrainfalloverSWCinspringisverysignificant.Therearestrongnegative(positive)correlationcoefficientsbetweentheanomalousprecipitationoverSWCandSSTAsovertheequatorialcentralPacific(themid-latitudePacific)duringspring.NumericalsimulationsshowthatlocalrainfallinthenorthwestoftheequatorialcentralPacificissuppressed,andasubtropicalanticyclonecirculationanomalyisproduced,whileacycloniccirculationanomalyinthemid-latitudewesternPacificoccurs,whentheequatorialPacificSSTAsareinacoldphaseinspring.AnomalousnortherlywindsappearinthenortheasternpartofSWCinthelowertroposphere.PrecipitationincreasesovertheMaritimeContinentofthewesternequatorialPacific,whileacycloniccirculationanomalyappearsinthenorthwestofthewesternequatorialPacific.AtroughovertheBayofBengalenhancesthesoutherlyflowinthesouthofSWC.ThetroughalsoenhancesthetransportofmoisturetoSWC.ThewarmmoistureintersectswithanomalouscoldairoverthenortheastofSWC,andsoprecipitationincreasesduringspring.Ontheinterannualtimescale,theimpactsofthemid-latitudePacificSSTAsonrainfallinSWCduringspringarenotsignificant,becausethemid-latitudePacificSSTAsareaffectedbytheequatorialcentralPacificSSTAs;thatis,themid-latitudePacificSSTAsareafeedbacktothecirculationanomalycausedbytheequatorialcentralPacificSSTAs.

简介：Consideringtheimportanceofblackcarbon(BC),thisstudybeganbycomparingthe20thcenturysimulationofSouthAsiansummerclimateinIPCCCMIP3,basedonthescenarioofmodelswithandwithoutBC.Generally,themulti-modelmeanofthemodelsthatincludeBCreproducedtheobservedclimaterelativelybetterthanthosethatdidnot.Then,the21stcenturySouthAsiansummerprecipitationwasprojectedbasedontheIPCCCMIP3projectionsimulations.Theprojectedprecipitationinthepresentapproachexhibitedaconsiderabledifferencefromthemultimodelensemblemean(MME)ofIPCCAR4projectionsimulations,andalsofromtheMMEofthemodelsthatignoretheeffectofBC.Inparticular,thepresentprojectionexhibitedadryanomalyoverthecentralIndianPeninsula,sandwichedbetweenwetconditionsonthesouthernandnorthernsidesofPakistanandIndia,ratherthanhomogeneouswetconditionsasseenintheMMEofIPCCAR4.Thus,thespatialpatternofSouthAsiansummerrainfallinthefuturemaybemorecomplicatedthanpreviouslythought.

简介：Datacollectedusingthemicrorainradar(MRR)situatedinJinancity,easternChina,wereusedtoexplorethealtitudinalandtemporalevolutionofrainfallmicrophysicalcharacteristics,andtoanalyzethebrightband(BB)characteristicsandhydrometeorclassification.Specifically,alow-intensityandstablestratiformprecipitationeventthatoccurredfrom0000to0550UTC15February2015andfeaturedaBBwasstudied.Duringthisevent,therainfallintensitywaslessthan2mmh-1ataheightof300m,whichwasabovetheradarsitelevel,sotheerrorscausedbytheverticalairmotioncouldbeignored.ThefreezingheightfromtheradiosondematchedwellwiththetopoftheBBobservedbytheMRR.Itwasalsofoundthatthenumberof0.5–1mmdiameterdropsshowednonoticeablevariationbelowtheBB.Themaximumfallvelocityandthemaximumgradientfallvelocity(GFV)oftheraindropsappearedatthebottomoftheBB.Meanwhile,amethodthatusestheGFVandreflectivitytoidentifythealtitudeandthethicknessoftheBBwasestablished,withwhichtheMRRcanprovideareliableandreal-timeestimationofthe0?Cisotherm.ThedropletfallvelocitywasusedtoclassifythetypesofsnowcrystalsabovetheBB.Inthefirst20minoftheselectedprecipitationevent,graupelprevailedabovetheBB;andatanaltitudeof2000m,graupelalsodominatedinthefirst250min.After150min,theexistenceofgraupelanddendriticcrystalswithwaterdropletsabovetheBBwasinferred.

简介：Using1°×1°finalanalysis(FNL)datafromtheNationalCentersforEnvironmentalPrediction(NCEP),precipitationdatafromtheTropicalRainfallMeasuringMission(TRMM)andthebest-tracktropicalcyclone(TC)datasetprovidedbytheJapanMeteorologicalAgency(JMA)forJune-Augustof2000-2009,wecomprehensivelyconsiderthetwofactorslow-levelmoisturechannelandinteractionbetweenTCsandmid-latitudesystemsandimplementastatisticalanalysisofremoteprecipitationinEastAsiatothenorthof0°andtothewestof150°E.48casesofremoteprecipitationoccurredinthisperiod,whicharecategorizedintofiveclasses.Afteracompositeanalysisofthedifferentclasses,themainsystemsat850hPaand500hPathatimpacttheremoteprecipitationareasfollows:TC,mid-latitudetrough,subtropicalhighandwatervaporchannel.Inparticular,thewatervaporchannelwhichusuallyconnectswithIndianmonsoonhasthemostsignificantimpactonremoteheavyrainfall.Anotherimportantfactoristhemid-latitudetrough.Thetypeofnorthtrough/vortex-southTCremoteprecipitationeventshappenmostfrequently,accountingfor68.8%ofthetotalincidence.MostremoteprecipitationeventsoccurontherightsideoftheTCpath(representing71%ofthetotalnumber).At200hPa,theremoteprecipitationeventsusuallyoccurontherightrearportionofahigh-altitudejetstream,andthereisananti-cyclonicvortextotheeastandwestoftheTCs.Whenthereisnoanti-cyclonicvortextotheeastoftheTC,theTCisrelativelyweak.WhentheremoteprecipitationoccurstothenorthwestoftheTCandthereisatroughinthenorthwestdirection,theTCisrelativelystrong.NumericalexperimentsarecarriedoutusingWeatherResearchandForecast(WRF)model.TheresultsshowsthattheTCplaysamainroleinproducingtheheavyprecipitationandresultsintheenhancementofprecipitationbyimpactingthewatervaporchannel.

简介：UsingtheCAM3.0model,weinvestigatedtherespectiveeffectsofaerosolconcentrationincreasinganddecadalvariationofglobalseasurfacetemperature(SST)aroundyear1976/77ontheEastAsianprecipitationinborealsummer.BydoublingtheconcentrationofthesulfateaerosolandblackcarbonaerosolseparatelyandsynchronouslyinEastAsia(100-150°E,20-50°N),theclimateeffectsoftheseaerosolsarespecificallyinvestigated.TheresultsshowthatboththedecadalSSTchangingandaerosolconcentrationincreasingcouldleadtorainfalldecreasinginthecenterofEastAsia,butincreasingintheregionsalongsoutheastcoastareasofChina.However,thedifferentpatternsofrainfalloveroceanandlowerwindfieldoverAsiancontinentbetweenaerosolexperimentsandSSTexperimentsinCAM3.0indicatethepresenceofdifferentmechanisms.Intheincreasedaerosolconcentrationexperiments,scatteringeffectisthemainclimateeffectforbothsulfateandblackcarbonaerosolsintheEasternAsiansummer.Especiallyintheincreasedsulfateaerosolconcentrationexperiment,theclimatescatteringeffectofaerosolleadstothemostsignificanttemperaturedecreasing,sinkingconvectionanomaliesanddecreasedrainfallinthetroposphereoverthecentralpartofEastAsia.However,inanincreasedblackcarbonaerosolconcentrationexperiment,weakenedsinkingconvectionanomaliesexistatthesoutherlyposition.ThisweakenedsinkinganditscompensatingrisingconvectionanomaliesinthesouthleadtotheheavyrainfalloversoutheastcoastareasofChina.Whenconcentrationsofbothsulfateandblackcarbonaerosolsincreasesynchronously,theanomalousrainfalldistributionissomewhatlikethatintheincreasedblackcarbonconcentrationaerosolexperimentbutwithlessintensity.

简介：Inthisstudy,amergeddatasetconstructedfromTropicalRainfallMeasuringMissionprecipitationradarrainproductsandIntegratedGlobalRadiosondeArchivedataisusedtoinvestigatethethermalstructuralcharacteristicsofconvectiveandstratiformprecipitationintherainyseason(May–August)of1998–2012overEastAsia.Theresultsshowthatthestormtopsforconvectiveprecipitationarehigherthanthoseforstratiformprecipitation,becauseofthemoreunstableatmosphericmotionsforconvectiveprecipitation.Moreover,thestormtopsarehigherat1200UTCthanat0000UTCoverlandregionsforbothconvectiveandstratiformprecipitation,andviceversaforoceanregion.Additionally,temperatureanomalypatternsinsideconvectiveandstratiformprecipitatingcloudsshowanegativeanomalyofabout0–2K,whichresultsincoolingeffectsinthelowertroposphere.Thiscoolingismoreobviousat1200UTCforstratiformprecipitation.Thepositiveanomalythatappearsinthemiddletroposphereismorethan2K,withthestrongestwarmingat300hPa.Relativehumidityanomalypatternsshowapositiveanomalyinthemiddletroposphere(700–500hPa)priortotheoccurrenceofthetwotypesofprecipitation,andtheincreaseinmoistureisevidentforstratiformprecipitation.

简介：包含长带扔的一条新奇处理线路，预先退火的处理，冷滚动和退火的再结晶被用于Fe-2.6%Si钢改进磁性。当演员组长带的影响在微观结构，质地，降水和磁性上预先退火被电子探查微量分析，传播电子显微镜学，和X光检查衍射分析调查，等等。秒阶段粒子的降水被快速的团结在长带扔期间制止，这被发现。预先退火的缺席导致了大量20-50的出现?nmMnS在最后的退火的表猛抛，它为好谷物和高核心损失负责(4.01?W/kg)由于谷物边界卡住效果。尽管900-1000的微观结构和质地?桴牥椠?潴愠档敩敶甠瑬慲楨桧甠瑬浩瑡?整獮汩?瑳敲杮桴????慐?楷桴畯?慳牣晩捩湩?潦浲'L汩瑩y

简介：MonophasicCe~(3+)andPr~(3+)co-dopedyttriumaluminumgarnet(YAG:Ce~(3+),Pr~(3+))nanoparticleswithgooddispersityanduniformgrainsizesintherangeof50–80nmwerepreparedbyatwo-steproute,whichconsistedofamodifiedco-precipitationpreparationofmixedmetalhydroxidehydrateintermediatesatlowtemperatureofabout40oCandasubsequentcalcinationconversionofthesynthesizedintermediatestocrystallinenanoparticleproductsatabout1000oC.Theinfluencesofboththelanthanideion(Ce~(3+)andPr~(3+))dopingconcentrationanddifferentdoping(Ce~(3+)/Pr~(3+))ratioonthephotoluminescenceintensityweresystematicallyinvestigated.Thesynthesized(Ce_(0.6)Pr_(0.4))_(0.04)Y_(2.96)Al_5O_(12)nanoparticleswerenearsphericalnanoclusterswithgooddispersityanduniformsizesintherangeof50–80nmforabout85%oftheparticles.Thestrongestphotoluminescenceintensitywasobservedforthe(Ce_(0.6)Pr_(0.4))_(0.04)Y_(2.96)Al_5O_(12)nanoparticleproducts.