简介：AbstractThe rising threats from antimicrobial resistance due to inappropriate utilization of antimicrobial agents in health care including the pediatric population has been a topic of concern at the global level for the last several decades. The antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) is a multidisciplinary institutional initiative focusing primarily on the improvement of antimicrobial prescribing practices and limiting inappropriate use. ASPs play an important role in the implementation of healthcare strategies in pediatrics worldwide to reduce antimicrobial resistance. Many published reports demonstrate how adapted ASPs in pediatrics result in improvement of unnecessary antimicrobial utilization, decreasing drug resistance and treatment failure, minimization of adverse clinical outcomes, decreasing healthcare costs and hospital length of stay, and optimization of diagnostic strategies. However, some barriers in pediatric ASP still exist. This narrative review describes core elements of ASP, the impact of implemented ASPs on pediatric healthcare, and challenges of pediatric ASP as seen by the authors.

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简介：Marineecologicalnicheshaverecentlybeendescribedas"particularlypromising"sourcesforsearchofnewantimicrobialstocombatantibiotic-resistantstrainsofpathogenicmicroorganisms.Marineorganismsareexcellentsourcesformanyindustrialproducts,buttheyarepartlyexplored.Over30000compoundshavebeenisolatedfrommarinesources.Bacteria,fungi,andcyanobacteriaobtainedfromvariousmarinesourcessecretseveralindustriallyusefulbioactivecompounds,possessingantibacterial,antifungal,andantimycobacterialactivities.Sustainablecultivationmethodsforpromisingmarineorganismsandbiotechnologicalprocessesforselectedcompoundscanbedeveloped,alongwiththeestablishmentofbiosensorsformonitoringthetargetcompounds.Thesemisyntheticmodificationsofmarine-basedbioactivecompoundsproducetheirnewderivatives,structuralanalogsandmimeticsthatcouldserveasnovelleadcompoundsagainstresistantpathogens.Thepresentreviewfocusesonpromisingantimicrobialcompoundsisolatedfrommarinemicrobesfrom1991-2013.

简介：AbstractThe wide use and abuse of antibiotics could make antimicrobial resistance (AMR) an increasingly serious issue that threatens global health and imposes an enormous burden on society and the economy. To avoid the crisis of AMR, we have to fundamentally change our approach. Artificial intelligence (AI) represents a new paradigm to combat AMR. Thus, various AI approaches to this problem have sprung up, some of which may be considered successful cases of domain-specific AI applications in AMR. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic review illustrating the use of these AI-based applications for AMR. Therefore, this review briefly introduces how to employ AI technology against AMR by using the predictive AMR model, the rational use of antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and antibiotic combinations, as well as future research directions.

简介：天生的免疫为脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的幸福是必要的。这个防卫系统的关键部件包括绑在传染代理人的模式识别受体，额外--并且中继信号的细胞内蛋白质，以及消除病原体的分子和房间。我们在一只生物化学的模型昆虫一直在学习保护机制，Manduca祷告一。在这只昆虫，hemolin，peptidoglycan识别蛋白质，o-1,3-glucan识别蛋白质和C类型lectins检测微生物引起的表面分子并且导致象抗菌剂肽的吞噬作用，生节，封装，melanization和生产那样的免疫反应。一些这些回答被细胞外的丝氨酸朊酶小径调停。prophenoloxidase(proPO)的解朊的激活产出为愈合弯屈并且微生物杀死催化五人一组一的形成和黑素的活跃phenoloxidase(PO)。M。祷告血淋巴朊酶14(HP14)先锋与peptidoglycan或o-1,3-glucan交往，汽车激活，并且导致包括HP21和激活proPO朊酶(奶头)的另外的HP的激活。PAP-1，-2和-3切了proPO面对二个丝氨酸朊酶相当或相同的事物产生活跃PO。由重量的单位大头针和有细菌的朊酶相当或相同的事物的协会的朊酶的抑制保证局部性的防卫反应。M。祷告HP1，HP6，HP8，HP17和另外的朊酶可以也参予proPO激活或spcTtzle和plasmatocyte传播肽处理。

简介：AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the natural antibiotics recognized for their broad-spectrum resistance to bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites, and influencing the host immune responses. AMPs attributed to good biological effects have been used in various areas of human health, which are trying to completely replace antibiotics, owing to serious drug-resistance bacteria. However, limited bioactivity and potential biotoxicity of some AMPs was neglected, attributable to their hydrophobic structure with positive charges and nonspecific destruction of cell membranes. Various strategies have been used to design and biosynthetic optimized AMPs to improve their bioactivity, productivity, while lowering host toxicity and cost. Here, we focus on the progress made in understanding the AMPs, including biosynthesis (AMP-BioDesign 1.0 and 2.0), bioactivity (e.g. immune regulation and broad-spectrum or nonspecific actions against bacteria, viruses or parasites), and principle biotoxicity (e.g. hemolysis, acute toxicity and instability, ect). The application prospects of AMP for human health, clinical medicine (for novel drugs), tissue engineering and drug delivery system, respectively, are summarized in this review. Furthermore, future prospects and new strategy for the development of effective and low-toxic AMP formulations for human health are discussed.

简介：AbstractThe emergence of antimicrobial resistance attributed to the overuse and abuse of antibiotics severely endangers global biosafety. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by various living organisms exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties with a low propensity to the resistance. However, the application of AMPs has been greatly limited owing to their poor stability, high manufacturing cost, and high cytotoxicity. Thus, AMP-mimetic antimicrobial cationic polymers with cationic and amphiphilic moieties have attracted considerable attention as antimicrobial agents. These polymers typically exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, negligible antimicrobial resistance, and rapid bactericidal effect. These polymers exhibit low hemolysis and cytotoxicity by optimizing their chemical structures. In this study, we summarize the design principles and current findings of antimicrobial cationic polymers and identify potential candidates for developing innovative polymeric antimicrobials.

简介：抗菌剂肽是有抗菌剂活动的多肽。从中国虾(FenneropenaeusChinensis)的抗菌剂肽基因Np3和Np5集成于OryzasativaL。subsp。装饰用的梨树cv。由Agrobacterium的Aichiashahi调停了转变系统。PCR分析证明Np3和Np5的积极比率分别地在T0产生是36%和45%。RT-PCR分析证明抗菌剂肽基因在T1产生被表示，并且在转基因的植物和非转基因的植物之间的农学的特点地没有明显的差别。四Np3和Np5在T1产生的转基因的线与Xanthomonasoryzaepv被接种。oryzae紧张CR4，和所有四根转基因的线显著地提高了抵抗到紧张CR4引起的细菌的老家。Np5转基因的线也显示出更高的抵抗到紧张JS97-2，Zhe173和OS-225引起的细菌的老家。有Np5基因力量的转基因的线拥有宽广光谱抵抗到米饭，这被建议细菌的老家。

简介：AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecules produced by a myriad of cells and play important roles not only in protecting against infections and sustaining skin barrier homeostasis but also in contributing to immune dysregulation under pathological conditions. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that AMPs, including cathelicidin (LL-37), human β-defensins, S100 proteins, lipocalin 2, and RNase 7, are highly expressed in psoriatic skin lesions. These peptides broadly regulate immunity by interacting with various immune cells and linking innate and adaptive immune responses during the progression of psoriasis. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding AMPs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis with a main focus on their immunomodulatory abilities.

简介：AbstractAntimicrobial resistance leads to failure of clinical antimicrobial therapy, and has raised urgent global public health concern. Humans can acquire antimicrobial resistance from drugs through the food chain or the environment (contaminated water, air, soil, or manure). While antimicrobials have been regular supplements in animal feed that maintain health and improve productivity of livestock, their over-use in feeding forage has led to a rise in antibacterial resistance. This review summarizes the current use of antimicrobials in livestock, the harmful effects of antimicrobial resistance, and the comprehensive combat measures.

简介：Thepursuitofhighoilrecoveryratehasbeenapersistentobjectiveforoilindustry.Pseudomonassp.LP-7andBacillussp.PAH-2wereisolatedfromoil-contaminatedsurfacesoilsamplesofanoilfield.Theantimicrobialdegradationrates(ADRs)ofpolymersachievedbyLP-7andPAH-2wereevaluatedatatemperatureof35°Cinthemineralsaltmediaduringtheshakenflasktrial.TheADRsofcopolymersynthesizedbyusingasurfactantwithaconcentrationof5%couldreach8.4%forPAH-2and15.3%forLP-7.TheADRsofcopolymercouldreach10.4%forPAH-2and21.3%forLP-7,whenthepolymerconcentrationwas2g/L.AllresultsconfirmedthattheADRsofcopolymersincreasedwithanincreasingcontentofHDDE(capsaicinderivativemonomer)inthepolymer.ThecopolymersalsomanifestedexcellentantimicrobialdegradationperformanceinthepresenceofCu2+,Zn2+,andPb2+ions,respectively,whichhadgreatpotentialforapplicationsinenhancedoilrecovery.

简介：Stablesilvernanoparticleswassuccessfullysynthesizedbychemicalreductionofsilvernitrateinanionicliquid,1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumtetrafluoroborate([BMIM]·BF4)atroomtemperature.ResultsofUV-Visdiffusereflectancespectroscopyshowas-preparedAgnanoparticlesexhibitatypicalemissionpeakat400―430nm.Byvaryingthereactiontemperatureandtheprecursorconcentration,thesizeandtheshapeofthesilvernanoparticlescouldbeeasilycontrolledundermildconditions.Analysesoftransmissionelectronmicrographs,X-raydiffractionpatternandX-rayphotoelectronspectrumfurtherrevealthatthesilvernanoparticleswerecoatedincompletelyby[BMIM]·BF4.Microbialexperimentsindicatethatas-preparedsilvernanoparticlesshowawidespectrumofantimicrobialactivitiesandhavebetterantimicrobialactivitiestoPseudomonasaeruginosathansilvernitratewiththesameconcentrationofsilver.

简介：benzothiazole衍生物的新系列被设计并且综合。最新综合的混合物对Escherichiacoli，葡萄球菌aureus和杆菌仙影拳为他们的抗菌剂活动被屏蔽。混合物6j和6o对E显示出最高的活动。coli和S。aureus。这些混合物的抗真菌的活动也对Candidaalbicans和曲霉属菌fumigatus被测试293。混合物4c，4g和6j对C展出了最高的活动。albicans。另外，混合物4a和6j对A显示了有希望的活动。fumigatus293。而混合物4a，6j和6p显示出中等活动，一样的混合物对ChromobacteriumviolaceumATCC12472为他们的察觉到antiquorum活动被检验。在里面综合混合物测试的vitrocytotoxicity对颈的癌症(Hela)和肾成纤维细胞癌症(COS-7)房间被执行线。结果显示所有测试混合物有IC50价值>50 ；对两根房间线的mol/L。分子的性质，毒性，药相似，和药获得混合物4a-c，5a，6g，h，6j，6l，6o和7c的侧面，d也被估计。

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简介：瞄准validatory屏蔽puffer鱼以puffer鱼皮肤和肝提取的Arothronimmaculatus为抗菌剂试金被使遭到的如此的一个方法被做的抗菌剂。屏蔽试金的方法抗菌剂用标准圆盘散开方法在十连续人的病原的细菌、真菌的病原体被做。结果证实了的结果对大多数病原体的阳性的测试使用了。对在肝摘录的2.5公里和对在皮肤摘录的Vibrio霍乱的抗菌剂效果的9.8公里的Staphyloccocusaureus的最大的抗菌剂效果被报导。没有抗真菌的效果。这个实验证实那条puffer鱼的结论是抗菌剂力量的来源。

简介：MarinesedimentsampleswerecollectedfromthecoastalareasofSouthernIndia,particularlyinKanyakumariDistrict.Twenty-eightdifferentfungalstrainswereisolated.Thescreeningoffungifrommarinesedimentwasdonetoisolateapotentfungusthatcanproducebioactivecompoundsforbiomedicalapplications.OnlythreestrainsvizTrichodermagamsiiSP4,TalaromycesflavusSP5andAspergillusoryzaeSP6werescreenedforfurtherstudies.Theintracellularbioactivecompoundswereextractedusingsolventextractionmethod.Thecrudeextractsweretestedforitsanti-microbialandanti-cancerpropertiesandanalyticallycharacterizedusingGasChromatographyMassSpectrometry(GC-MS).Allthethreeextractswereactive,buttheextractfromT.flavusSP5wasfoundtobemoreactiveagainstvarioushumanpathogens,viz.,PseudomonasaeruginosaATCC27853(17.8±0.1),EscherichiacoliATCC52922(18.3±0.3),andCandidatropicalisATCC750(17.7±0.4).ItalsoexhibitedcytotoxicactivityagainstHEp2carcinomacelllinewiththeLC_(50)valueof25.7μg·mL~(-1).TheGC-MSdatarevealedthepresenceofeffectivebioactivecompounds.TheseresultsrevealedthattheextractfromisolatedfungusT.flavusSP5actedasapotentantimicrobial,antifungal,andanticanceragent,providingbasicinformationonthepotencyofmarinefungitowardsbiomedicalapplications;furtherinvestigationmayleadtothedevelopmentofnovelanticancerdrugs.

简介：普立万公司推出了WithStand^TM抗菌技术。这一添加剂技术为第一、二、三类医疗器械、医药包装以及其他卫生保健和健康相关的应用提供安全、有效、耐用的内嵌式解决方案。