简介:AbstractObjective:This review aims to discuss the basic anatomy and physiology of the palatine and pharyngeal tonsils, with reference to how this foundational understanding may affect patient management and surgical procedures in these regions of the upper airway.Methods:A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar using the MeSH terms tonsils, adenoids, anatomy, physiology, and adenotonsillectomy. Primary sources were excluded if they were abstracts only, non-English language, or non-human studies. Thirty-five sources were included in this review.Results and conclusions:The pharyngeal and palatine tonsils are compact yet physiologically complex mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues that make up a portion of Waldeyer’s ring. As part of the mucosal immune system, these structures function in exogenous antigen sampling and stimulation of immune responses. Aberrant immune activation and/or regulation can lead to a myriad of pathologies, with adenotonsillar hypertrophy, chronic tonsillitis/adenoiditis, and recurrent otitis media among the most commonly encountered conditions by otolaryngologists. While the pathophysiology of these conditions is still incompletely understood, current evidence and future investigations may reveal patterns amenable to targeted medical management. When medical management fails, tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy may be indicated for patient care. Though routine procedures, the execution of tonsil and/or adenoid removal requires a thorough understanding of the anatomy of these lymphoepithelial organs so as to minimize the risk for rare serious complications that can occur.
简介:摘要异位甲状腺是一种罕见的胚胎发育异常,也可发生良性或恶性肿瘤性病变,其临床表现不典型,易发生漏诊、误诊。本例患者首发为直肠异位甲状腺癌,随访近10年,发现肝脏及卵巢转移病灶,行手术与靶向治疗,取得了较好的疗效。
简介:摘要小儿甲状腺舌管囊肿及瘘管是胚胎甲状腺舌管闭合不全而形成的先天性发育异常。临床表现为颈部正中相当于舌骨下的甲状软骨部位可见1~2cm直径的圆形肿块表面光滑边缘清楚较固定,可随吞咽或伸舌运动而略有上下移动从瘘口经常排出透明或混浊的粘液行甲状舌管瘘管切除术是最直接而有效的方法。2012年7月我科对一例甲状腺舌管囊肿及瘘管患者进行手术治疗,予以精心护理,疗效满意,现将结果报告如下。
简介:摘要异位甲状腺(ectopic thyroid tissue,ETT)是一种甲状腺器官先天发育异常疾病,发病率低,临床以舌根ETT较为多见。本文报道一例中国科学院大学附属肿瘤医院头颈外科收治的正常甲状腺峡部缺如同时存在喉声门下气管内及疑是舌根部ETT病例。该患者经手术治疗后,术后恢复良好,随访4个月未见明显异常。
简介:1临床资料女,57岁,首次因“四肢关节酸痛、乏力1年”于2012年5月10日入院.患者既往有“慢性肾小球肾炎”病史14年,2012年3月诊断为“肾功能衰竭尿毒症期”,低钙腹膜透析3次/d.入院查颈部彩超:①甲状腺双侧叶增大伴多发异常回声,结节性甲状腺肿可能.②甲状腺两侧叶上极后方异常回声,甲状旁腺增大待排.甲状旁腺99锝m-甲氧基异丁基异腈(99Tcm-sestamibi,99Tcm-MIBI)核素扫描:(甲状腺右叶上极及左叶下极部位)甲状旁腺组织功能亢进征象(图1).泌尿系彩超未见明显结石.全血段甲状旁腺激素(intactparathyroidhormone,iPTH):2103.80pg/ml,碱性磷酸酶:394U/L,血钙:2.71mmol/L,血磷:1.91mmol/L.关键词:甲状腺内甲状旁腺;甲状旁腺功能亢进