简介：ItwouldnotbeanexaggerationtosaythatthecentraleventinthepoliticalhistoryofEuropeinthetwentiethcenturywastheunmakingofgreatempiresandthemakingofsuccessornationalstates.FromtheHohenzollernGermanEmpiretotheformerYugoslavia,almostallgreatmultinationalstatesofthecontinentroseandeventuallyfellintheaftermathoftheGreatWar,theSecondWorldWar,andtheColdWar.Amongallspectacularimperialcollapsesandsometimeseventheirrebuildingandre-collapse,theonce-for-allfalloftheHabsburgEmpirein1918,arelativelylightweightamongstrongEuropeanstates,appearnotespeciallysignificant.Butashistorianshaverecentlybegantorecognize,thepoliticalcultureoftheHabsburgEmpireinitslastyearsandthesuccessorstateshadexercisedadisproportionallylargeinfluenceonthemakingofmodernEuropeandtheworld.Amongtheimportantquestionsdiscussedinrecentliteraturearetheterritorialdisputesofnewnationstates,1thecultivationofscienceanddomesticlife,2politicsandideologyofliberalism,3andthemakingofmultinationalempire.4

简介：拉辛是十七世纪法国古典主义悲剧的代表作家,有四部传世悲剧改写自欧里庇得斯,学界一般认为欧里庇得斯对拉辛的影响远甚于其他古希腊作者。但事实上,拉辛在创作前期将索福克勒斯奉为最佳悲剧诗人典范,即便改写欧里庇得斯也有意否认其影响。自《伊菲革涅亚》起,拉辛转而公开自封为欧里庇得斯的当世唯一传人。拉辛参考亚里士多德的《诗学》亦相应地从单纯的文艺理论借鉴转为沉思戏剧教化问题。拉辛与古希腊悲剧传统的渊源微妙复杂,与路易十四年代文坛论辩有着深刻内在关联。