ExaminingChina'spopulationchangesinthepastthreedecadesdemonstratesthatChina'sdemographictransitionhasbeensuccessfullycompletedwithasplendidandzigzagpath.Thereareprofoundhistoricalexperiencesandlessons.ThispaperreviewsChina'sfertilitytransitionwhichispidedintofourperiodsandarguesthatfertilitychangesarearesultoftheinteractionsbetweensocioeconomicdevelopment,fertilitybehaviorsandfertilitypolicies.Substantialresistancetothe'one-childpolicy'during1979to1984resultedinreboundingandfluctuatingfertility.Thebabyboomoccurredintheperiod1985to1991wasamanifestationoftheinherentlawsofdemographicdynamics,andsubsequentlyforcefulbirthcontrolwasagainmobilized.Theperiodfrom1992to1999witnessedlargedeclinesinfertilitywhichpenetratesthereplacementzone,showingthatChinawascompletingthefertilitytransition.China'sstabilizinglowfertilityandemergingpopulationstructuralissuessince2000callforcomprehensivewaysinaddressingthepopulationproblems.
