简介：Cellulasesareimportantglycosylhydrolases(GHs)thathydrolyzecellulosepolymersintosmalleroligosaccharidesbybreakingthecelluloseβ(1→4)bonds,andtheyarewidelyusedtoproducecellulosicethanolfromtheplantbiomass.N-linkedandO-linkedglycosylationswereproposedtoimpactthecatalyticefficiency,cellulosebindingaffinityandthestabilityofcellulasesbasedonobservationsofindividualcellulases.Asfarasweknow,therehasnotbeenanysystematicanalysisofthedistributionsofN-linkedandO-linkedglycosylatedresiduesincellulases,mainlyduetothelimitedannotationsoftherelevantfunctionaldomainsandtheglycosylatedresidues.Wehavecomputationallyannotatedthefunctionaldomainsandglycosylatedresiduesincellulases,andconductedasystematicanalysisofthedistributionsoftheN-linkedandO-linkedglycosylatedresiduesintheseenzymes.ManyN-linkedglycosylatedresidueswereknowntobeintheGHdomainsofcellulases,buttheyarethereprobablyjustbychance,sincetheGHdomainusuallyoccupiesmorethanhalfofthesequencelengthofacellulase.OuranalysisindicatesthattheO-linkedglycosylatedresiduesaresignificantlyenrichedinthelinkerregionsbetweenthecarbohydratebindingmodule(CBM)domainsandGHdomainsofcellulases.Possiblemechanismsarediscussed.

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简介：性腺开发要求保证germline和体的干细胞的更新和区别最终生产成熟配偶子的一个协调soma-germline相互作用。果蝇瘤suppressor基因磁盘大(dlg)编码在神经与肌的连接的上皮的极化，不对称的神经母细胞部门，和形成期间工作的有中隔的连接蛋白质。这里，我们在体的包囊房间(SCC)在睾丸开发和它的批评功能报导dlg的角色。在这些房间，dlg首先为他们的幸存和扩大被要求，并且贡献spermatocyte包囊区别。当Dlg变得限制了在时，房间死亡首先在spermatogonial扩大的结束发生在SCC野类型(wt)睾丸到盖住成长spermatocyte包囊的远侧的体的房间。在早SCC的dlg抄本的RNAi弄空充分阻止了睾丸开发，而在迟了的SCC的弄空导致了spermatocyte包囊结构和细菌房间individualization的一个故障。在SCC的特定的dlg表示导致了dlg异种睾丸的发展营救，而它在细菌房间的表示没施加如此的效果。在wt睾丸的dlgoverexpression在损坏spermatogonial包囊的情况下导致了spermatocyte包囊扩大。我们的数据证明dlg实质上为他们的幸存，扩大，和区别，并且为germline房间的封装在SCC被要求。

简介：Aglycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)anchorisacommonbutcomplexC-terminalpost-translationalmodificationofextracellularproteinsineukaryotes.HereweinvestigatetheproblemofcorrectlyannotatingGPI-anchoredproteinsforthegrowingnumberofsequencesinpublicdatabases.Wedevelopedacomputa-tionalsystem,calledFragAnchor,basedonthetandemuseofaneuralnet-work(NN)andahiddenMarkovmodel(HMM).Firstly,NNselectspotentialGPI-anchoredproteinsinadataset,thenHMMparsesthesepotentialGPIsig-nalsandrefinesthepredictionbyqualitativescoring.FragAnchorcorrectlypredicted91%ofalltheGPI-anchoredproteinsannotatedintheSwiss-Protdatabase.Inalarge-scaleanalysisof29eukaryoteproteomes,FragAnchorpredictedthatthepercentageofhighlyprobableGPI-anchoredproteinsisbetween0.21%and2.01%.ThedistinctivefeatureofFragAnchor,comparedwithothersystems,isthatittargetsonlytheC-terminusofaprotein,makingitlesssensitivetothebackgroundnoisefoundindatabasesandpossibleincompleteproteinsequences.Moreover,FragAnchorcanbeusedtopredictGPI-anchoredproteinsinalleukaryotes.Finally,byusingqualitativescoring,thepredictionscombinebothsensitivityandinformationcontent.Thepredictorispubliclyavailableathttp://navet.ics.hawaii.edu/～fraganchor/NNHMM/NNHMM.html.

简介：Interactionsbetweenecologicalcommunitiesofherbivoresandmicrobesarecommonlymediatedbyasharedplant.Atripartiteinteractionbetweenapathogenicfungus-hostplant-herbivorousinsectisanexampleofsuchmutualinfluences.Insuchasystemafungalpathogencommonlyhasanegativeinfluenceonthemorphologyandbiochemistryofthehostplant,withconsequencesforinsectherbivoreperformance.HerewestudiedwhetherthebiotrophicfbngusPodosphaeraferruginea,attackingthegreatburnetSanguisorbaofficinalis,affectscaterpillarperformanceoftheendangeredscarcelargebluebutterflyPhengaristeleius.Ourresultsshowedthatthepathogenicftmgusaffectedthenumberandsizeofinflorescencesproducedbyfood-plantsand,moreimportantly,hadindirect,plant-mediatedeffectsontheabundance,bodymassandimmuneresponseofcaterpillars.Specifically,wefoundtherelationshipbetweencaterpillarabundanceandvariabilityininflorescencesizeonaplanttobepositiveamonghealthyfood-plants,andnegativeamonginfectedfood-plants.Caterpillarsthatfedonhealthyfood-plantsweresmallerthanthosethatfedoninfectedfood-plantsinonestudiedseason,whiletherewasnosuchdifferenceintheotherseason.Weobservedtherelationshipbetweencaterpillarimmuneresponseandtheproportionofinfectedgreatburnetswithinahabitatpatchtobepositivewhencaterpillarsfedonhealthyfood-plants,andnegativewhencaterpillarsfedoninfectedfood-plants.OurresultssuggestthatthisbiotrophicfungalinfectionofthegreatburnetmayimposeasignificantindirectinfluenceonP.teleiuscaterpillarperformancewithpotentialconsequencesforthepopulationdynamicsandstructureofthisendangeredbutterfly.