简介：4HYDROPOWERDEVELOPMENT4.1Historyofhydropower4.1.1BeginningofthedevelopmentofhydropowerInJapan,1860to1890wasthcperiodofrapiddevelopmentofthemodemStateandtheestablishmentofcentralizedauthority.AfterconstructingtheframeworkforthemodemState,theGovernmentpursuedapolicyofeconomicmodernization.NewindustrieswerestimulatedbyestablishingGovernment-managed

简介：Amicroturbo-expandercapableofhighworkingspeedwasspeciallymanufacturedforuseinanorganicRankinecycle(ORC).Aseriesoftestswereexecutedtoexaminetheperformanceofthemachine.Intheexperiment,themachinewastestedunderdifferentinletpressureconditions(0.2-0.5MPa).Datasuchasthecompressedairpressure,temperaturesoftheinletandtheoutlet,rotationalspeed,andelectricpowergenerationwereanalyzedtodiscoverunderlyingrelationships.Duringthetest,therotationalspeedofthemachinereachedashighas54000r/min,thepeakvalueofthetemperaturedropbetweentheinletandtheoutletreached42℃,themaximumelectricpowergeneratedbythemotor-generatorattachedtothemachinereached630W,andtheefficiencyofthemachinereached0.43.

简介：Demandresponse(DR)isgainingmoreandmoreimportanceinthearchitectureofpowersystemsinacontextofflexibleloadsandhighshareofintermittentgeneration.ChangesinelectricitymarketsregulationinseveralcountrieshaverecentlyenabledaneffectiveintegrationofDRmechanismsinpowersystems.Throughitsflexiblecomponents(pumps,tanks),drinkingwatersystemsaresuitablecandidatesforenergy-efficientDRmechanisms.However,thesesystemsareoftenmanagedindependentlyofpowersystemoperationforbotheconomicandoperationalreasons.Indeed,asufficientlevelofeconomicviabilityandwaterdemandsriskmanagementarenecessaryforwaterutilitiestointegratetheirflexibilitiestopowersystemoperation.Inthispaper,weproposedamathematicalmodelforoptimizingpumpschedulesinwatersystemswhiletradingDRblocsinaspotpowermarketduringpeaktimes.Uncertaintiesaboutwaterdemandswereconsideredinthemathematicalmodelallowingtoproposepowerreductionscoveringthepotentialriskofreal-timewaterdemandforecastinginaccuracy.NumericalresultswerediscussedonarealwatersysteminFrance,demonstratingbotheconomicandecologicalbenefits.

简介：WhenaccountingtheCO2emissionsresponsibilityoftheelectricitysectorattheprovinciallevelinChina,itisofgreatsignificancetoconsiderthescopeofbothproducers’andtheconsumers’responsibility,sincethiswillpromotefairnessindefiningemissionresponsibilityandenhancecooperationinemissionreductionamongprovinces.Thispaperproposesanewmethodforcalculatingcarbonemissionsfromthepowersectorattheprovinciallevelbasedonthesharedresponsibilityprincipleandtakingintoaccountinterregionalpowerexchange.Thismethodcannotonlybeusedtoaccounttheemissionresponsibilitysharedbyboththeelectricityproductionsideandtheconsumptionside,butitisalsoapplicableforcalculatingthecorrespondingemissionresponsibilityundertakenbythoseprovinceswithnetelectricityoutflowandinflow.ThismethodhasbeenusedtoaccountforthecarbonemissionsresponsibilitiesofthepowersectorattheprovinciallevelinChinasince2011.Theempiricalresultsindicatethatcomparedwiththeproduction-basedaccountingmethod,thecarbonemissionsofmajorpower-generationprovincesinChinacalculatedbythesharedresponsibilityaccountingmethodarereducedbyatleast10%,butthoseofotherpower-consumptionprovincesareincreasedby20%ormore.Secondly,basedontheprincipleofsharedresponsibilityaccounting,InnerMongoliahasthehighestcarbonemissionsfromthepowersectorwhileHainanhasthelowest.Thirdly,fourprovinces,includingInnerMongolia,Shanxi,HubeiandAnhui,havethehighestcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityoutflow-14milliontin2011,accountingfor74.42%oftotalcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityoutflowinChina.Sixprovinces,includingHebei,Beijing,Guangdong,Liaoning,Shandong,andJiangsu,havethehighestcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityinflow-11milliontin2011,accountingfor71.44%oftotalcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityinflowinChina.Lastly,thispaperhasestimatedtheemissionfactorsofelectricity

简介：以Electricityallaround的教学设计为例,结合学生对网络智能平台的兴趣,从技术和方法上引导学生利用翼课网平台辅助阅读教学过程,优化英语阅读课教学,体现了信息技术与英语阅读教学相融合的新型教学模式.