简介：

简介：作文，来源和在中央黄海泥区域和他们的可能的影响因素的沉积的TOC(全部的器官的碳)的埋葬流动的长期的变化在这份报纸被讨论。第一，类似分析被采用证实碳埋葬特征源于二收集了核心在YSWC(黄海温暖的水流)是流行的中央黄海泥区域是典型的。在这个基础上，这里的TOC的埋葬流动被认为是235.5488.4mol/(厘米2一)自从第一条工业革命，为大约在在沉积的TC(全部的碳)的埋葬流动之中的70%90%的财务。在二个核心与的比较TOC/TC比率在世界范围的另外的海洋的沉积，我们建议calcareous/non-calcareous有机体和IC(无机的碳)的溶解的生长是在沉积控制TOC/TC比率的重要因素。基于13C数据显示那导出水兵的器官的碳(OCa)是在全部的埋葬之中的主要部分超过85%说明比率的器官的碳。由于在二个核心的高TOC/TC比率，在沉积的TC主要也作为OCa存在，并且OCa的比例关于60%80%。是OCa在在中央黄海泥区域的沉积的所有埋葬OC之中是占优势的主要原因离开上面的水里的岸和相对高的主要生产。在这个泥区域的OC的埋葬被人的活动主要可能影响。尽管经济发展在期间晚，第一条工业革命在中国引起的第19世纪显然没在沉积增加TOC埋葬流动，自从1950年代，在成立新中国以后的工业和农业的上升清楚地增加了TOC埋葬流动。否则，我们也在TC埋葬流动之中认识到那，为大约在中央黄海泥区域的沉积的10%30%的TIC报道，它的埋葬不能简单地因此这里被忽略。从TOC埋葬不同，长期的TIC埋葬流动变化更仔细与气候联系变化：东方亚洲夏天季风可以影响Huanghe河(黄河)洪水的力量，它能进一步在沉积从土地影响陆上的IC的运输到中央黄海以及这些IC的埋葬。

简介：Thedistributionandchemicalpropertiesofcoloreddissolvedorganicmatter(CDOM)intheYellowSeaandtheEastChinaSeaduringDecember2011-January2012wereinvestigated.TheinputoffreshwaterandbiologicalactivitieshadanevidentinfluenceontheCDOMlevels(characterizedbythelightabsorptioncoefficientatthewavelengthof355nma355)inthestudyarea.ThespatialdistributionofCDOMlevelsdisplayedagraduallydecreasingtrendfromthecoastalwaters(0.37m^-1)totheopensea(0.18m^-1).Thespectralsloperatio(thesloperatioSRdefinedasS275-295:S350-400)duringthecruisewascorrelatedwithsalinity,andexhibitedalargevariationfrominshore(averageof2.515)tooffshoresites(averageof5.327)comparedwiththedistributionofa355.ThevaluesofSRwererelatedtoCDOMmolecularweight(MW).Thea355,SR,andchlorophyllain37samplescollectedfromthesurfacemicrolayerweresignificantlycorrelatedwiththoseinthecorrespondingsubsurfacewatersamples,implyingastrongexchangeactionbetweenthemicrolayerandbulkwater.Thea355andSRofCDOMexhibitedsignificantmicrolayerenrichment,withmeanenrichmentfactors(EFs)of1.72and1.62,respectively.

简介：从Changjiang河(长江)河口，Hangzhou海湾，和他们的邻近的水的表面沉积为他们的谷物尺寸分发，器官的碳(OC)集中，和稳定的碳同位素作文被分析(13C)。把分析基于这，大约36件表面沉积样品从各种各样的环境被选择并且分开了成沙(>0.250公里，0.1250.250公里，0.0630.125公里)并且淤泥(0.0250.063公里)由湿筛的分别方法的部分，并且推进进淤泥--(0.0040.025公里)并且泥土大小(<0.004公里)由离心的分别的部分。六个谷物尺寸范畴的沉积为他们的OC和13探索谷物的C内容在学习区域缩放沉积OC的作文和运输路径。从对粗糙的部分好，分别地，OC内容是1.18%，0.51%，0.46%，0.42%，0.99%，和0.48%当时13Cwas21.64,22.03,22.52,22.46,22.36，and22.28分别地。在每个尺寸范畴，OC贡献分别地是42.96%，26.06%，9.82%，5.75%，7.09%，和8.33%。在泥土和好淤泥部分的OC内容(<0.025公里)是大约69.02%。高OC集中主要被发现在近海在Changjiang河河口的东北，在在Changjiang河和Hangzhou海湾的更低的河口的现代沉积，并且在气旋的埃迪的现代沉积现代沉积到济州岛的西南。与13体积沉积的C显示在Changjiang河河口的陆上的器官的材料是搬运朝海的方向并且经由二条小径驱散现代沉积到气旋的埃迪到济州岛的西南：一个人是Changjiang河的结果冲淡的水(CDW)北方江苏沿海的水流和黄海沿海的水流驾驶的向东北的延长分支，当另一个是CDW的结果时台湾温暖的水流驾驶的向南方的延长分支。

简介：Dissolvedandparticulatethorium-234,particulateorganiccarbonintheupper150mofwatercolumnsfromfivestationsinthePrydzBay,theSouthernOceanweredeterminedduringthe22ndChineseNationalAntarcticResearchExpedition(fromNovember2005toMarch2006).Thedisequilibriabetweenthorium-234anditsparenturanium-238inupperlayerwasusedtoderivetheaveragedresidencetimeofthorium-234,whichdecreasedalongwiththelatitudetothesouthandaminimumvalue,1~8dforparticulatethorium-234and29~48dfordissolvedthorium-234,appearedatthemediumlatitudestation,andtheexportfluxesofthorium-234werecalculatedtooandamaximumvalue,0.35~0.63Bq/(m3·d)fortheparticulatethorium-234and0.44~0.65Bq/(m3·d)forthedissolvedthorium-234,appearedatthesamestation.Theexportfluxesofparticulateorganiccarbonatdifferentwatercolumnswerederivedbytwomethodswithirreversiblescavengingmodel,andtheaveragedvalueswere104.7mmol/(m2·d)(Emethod)and120.6mmol/(m2·d)(Bmethod),respectively,indicatingthatarelativelyhighnewproductionwouldexistinsummerinthePrydzBaywhereitwillplayapotentialsignificantroleinsequesteringtheabsorptionCO2todeeperocean.

简介：Modelinggeomechanicalpropertiesofshalestomakesenseoftheircomplexpropertiesisattheforefrontofpetroleumexplorationandexploitationapplicationandhasreceivedmuchresearchattentioninrecentyears.Ashale'skeygeomechanicalpropertieshelptoidentifyits'fracibility'itsfluidflowpatternsandrates,anditsin-placepetroleumresourcesandpotentialcommercialreserves.Themodelsandtheinformationtheyprovide,inturn,enableengineerstodesigndrillingpatterns,fracture-stimulationprogramsandmaterialsselectionthatwillavoidformationdamageandoptimizerecoveryofpetroleum.Awide-rangeoftools,technologies,experimentsandmathematicaltechniquesaredeployedtoachievethis.Characterizingtheinterconnectedfracture,permeabilityandporositynetworkisanessentialstepinunderstandingashaleshighly-anisotropicfeaturesonmultiplescales(nanotomacro).Well-logdata,anditspetrophysicalinterpretationtocalibratemanygeomechanicalmetricstothosemeasuredinrocksamplesbylaboratorytechniquesplaysakeyroleinprovidingaffordabletoolsthatcanbedeployedcost-effectivelyinmultiplewellbores.Likewise,microseismicdatahelpstomatchfracturedensityandpropagationobservedonareservoirscalewithpredictionsfromsimulationsandlaboratorytestsconductedonidealised/simplifieddiscretefracturenetworkmodels.Shalescomplexwettability,adsorptionandwaterimbibitioncharacteristicshaveasignificantinfluenceonpotentialformationdamageduringstimulationandtheshort-termandlongtermflowofpetroleumachievable.Manygasflowmechanismsandmodelsareproposedtakingintoaccountthemultipleflowmechanismsinvolved(e.g.,desorption,diffusion,slippageandviscousflowoperatingatmultipleporositylevelsfromnano-tomacro-scales).Fittinghistoricalproductiondataandwelldeclinecurvestomodelpredictionshelpstoverifywhethermodel'sgeomechanicalassumptionsarerealisticornot.Thisreviewdiscussesthetechniques

简介：AsshaleexploitationisstillinitsinfancyoutsideNorthAmericamuchresearcheffortisbeingchannelledintovariousaspectsofgeochemicalcharacterizationofshalestoidentifythemostprospectivebasins,formationsandmaptheirpetroleumgenerationcapabilitiesacrosslocal,regionalandbasin-widescales.Themeasurementoftotalorganiccarbon,distinguishingandcategorizingthekerogentypesintermsoil-proneversusgas-prone,andusingvitrinitereflectanceandRock-Evaldatatoestimatethermalmaturityarestandardpracticeintheindustryandappliedtosamplesfrommostwellboresdrilled.Itisthetrendsofstableisotopesratios,particularlythoseofcarbon,thewetnessratio(C1/∑(C2+C3)),andcertainchemicalbiomarkersthathaveprovedtobemostinformativeaboutthestatusofshalesasapetroleumsystem.Thesedatamakeitpossibletoidentifyproduction'sweet-spots',discriminateoil-,gas-liquid-andgas-proneshalesfromkerogencompositionsandthermalmaturities.Rolloversandreversalsofethaneandpropanecarbonisotoperatiosareparticularlyindicativeofhighthermalmaturityexposureofanorganic-richshale.Comparisonsofhopane,streraneandterpanebiomarkerswithvitrinitereflectance(Ro)measurementsofthermalmaturityhighlightdiscrepanciessuggestingthatRoisnotalwaysareliableindicatorofthermalmaturity.Majorandtraceelementinorganicgeochemistrydataandratiosprovidesusefulinformationregardingprovenance,paleoenvironments,andstratigraphic-layerdiscrimination.Thisreviewconsidersthedatameasurement,analysisandinterpretationoftechniquesassociatedwithkerogentyping,thermalmaturity,stableandnon-stableisotopicratiosforrocksandgasesderivedfromthem,productionsweet-spotidentification,geochemicalbiomarkersandinorganicchemicalindicators.Italsohighlightsuncertaintiesanddiscrepanciesobservedintheirpracticalapplication,andthenumerousoutstandingquestionsassociatedwiththem.

简介：最近，在Yaoyingtai的暴烈的煤气的水库()并且Daerhan()在Changling的构造的带()东南的Songliao的指责的消沉()盆被发现了。基于作文和同位素的价值，天然气被甲烷，C2+的低内容，和C1/C15的高内容超过0.95描绘。另外，天然气包含从20%～40%与内容包括二氧化碳的nonhydrocarbons和N2的次要的数量。与同位素的价值结合了，天然气被腐殖的kerogen和导出煤的类型产生，但是在Daerhan，天然气被油类型气体可能混合。从在暴烈的岩石中的岩性学和液体包括的测量，沥青，液体烃，和煤气的烃包括是在场的。通过在暴烈的水库的单个煤气的包括的分析，二氧化碳的内容是低的，因此水库的二氧化碳和烃气体没同时被积累。另外，在水库的沥青的次要的数量被通过biomarkers的描述从Yingcheng(842557CE)形成mudstones采购的原油的热进化形成。homogenization温度的分发与煤气的充满的舞台介绍二座山峰，有充满舞台的液体烃的山峰，和其它。在Daerhan构造的带，然而，第二座山峰是煤气的，二氧化碳混合可能充满时期。与盐水包括，油和煤气的充满时期的homogenization温度结合了从Qingshankou()形成到Nenjiang()在研究区域的形成。在收费时期期间，无机的二氧化碳的次要的数量从Sifangtai的结束充满了进陷井，而是很多的无机的二氧化碳()到Eogene，时期与结构的运动有关。

简介：AbstractTheGartnerkofelboreholeisoneofthemostthoroughlystudiedanddescribedPermo-Triassicsectionsintheworld.Detailedbulkorganiccarbonisotopestudiesshowanegativebaseshiftfrom-24%0to-28%0intheLatestPermianwhichlattervaluepersistsintotheEarliestTriassicafterwhichitdecreasesslightlyto-26‰.Twostronglynegativepeaksof〉-38‰intheLatestPermianandalesserpeakof-31‰intheEarlyTriassicaretoonegativetobeduetoagreaterproportionofmorenegativeorganicmatterandmustbeduetoverynegativemethaneeffects.TheoverallchangetomorenegativevaluesacrosstheBulla/Teseroboundaryfitstherelativeriseinsealevelforthistransitionbasedonthefacieschanges.ApositiveshiftinorganiccarbonisotopevaluesattheLatePermianEventHorizonmaybeduetoanincreaseinland-derivedorganicdetritusatthislevel-afeatureshownbyallTethyanPermo-Triassicboundarysectionsthoughtheseothersectionsdonothavethesamevalues.Carbonatecarbonisotopetrendsaresimilarinallsectionsdroppingby2-3unitsacrossthePermo-Triassicboundary.Gart-nerkofelcarbonateoxygenvaluesaresurprisingly,con-sideringtheubiquitousdolomitization,compatiblewithvalueselsewhereandindicatereasonabletropicaltemper-aturesof60~CintheLatestPermiansabkhasto20-40℃intheoverlyingmarinetransitionbeds.Increasedland-derivedinputattheLatePermianEventHorizonmaybeduetooffshoretransportbytsunamiswhosedepositshavebeenrecognizedinIndiaatthislevel.

简介：由细丝状的cyanobacteria，海藻的coenobia和acanthomorphicacritarch组成的器官墙的微化石的一个协会从辣椒山页岩形成(PMSF)的非石灰质的claystones和mudstones被记录了，在辣椒山在它的stratotype区域定位了，它是在波兰的神圣的生气的山的部分。这些沉积代表ysog的最旧的阶层??????????h

简介：Shales,themostabundantofsedimentaryrocks,arevaluedasthesource-rocksandsealstoporouspetroleumreservoirs.Overthepast-twentyyears,organic-richshaleshavealsoemergedasvaluablepetroleumsystems(reservoir,seal,andsourcerockscontainedinthesameformation).Assuchtheyhavebecomeprimarytargetsforpetroleumexplorationandexploitation.ThisPart1ofathree-partreviewaddressesthebulkproperties,multi-scalegeometryandgasadsorptioncharacteristicsofthesediverseandcomplexrocks.Shalesdisplayextremelylowpermeability,andtheirporosityisalsolow,butmulti-scale.Characterizingthegeometryandinterconnectivityofthepore-structureframeworkswiththenatural-fracturenetworkswithinshalesisessentialforestablishingtheirpetroleumexploitationpotential.Organic-richshalestypicallycontaintwodistincttypesofporosity:matrixporosityandfractureporosity.Inadditiontointer-granularporosity,thematrixporosityincludestwotypesofmineral-hostedporosity:inorganic-mineral-hostedporosity(IP);and,organic-matter-hosted(withinthekerogen)porosity(OP).Whereas,thefractureporosityandpermeabilityiscrucialforpetroleumproductionfromshales,itiswithintheOPwhere,typically,muchofthein-situoilandgasresourcesresides,andfromwhereitneedstobemobilized.OPincreasessignificantlyasshalesbecomemorethermallymature(i.e.,withinthegasgenerationzones),andplaysakeyroleintheultimaterecoveryfromshale-gassystems.Shales'methanesorptioncapacities(MSC)tendstobepositivelycorrelatedwiththeirtotalorganiccarboncontent(TOC),thermalmaturation,andmicroporevolume.Claymineralsalsosignificantlyinfluencekeyphysicalpropertiesofshalerelatedtofluidflow(permeability)andresponsetostress(fracability)thatdeterminetheirprospectivityforpetroleumexploitation.Claymineralscanalsoadsorbgas,somemuchbetterthanothers.Thesurfaceareaoftheporestructureofshalescanbepositively