简介：AbstractChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection due to vertical transmission remains a critical concern with regards to eliminating HBV infection. Implementation of hepatitis B vaccine, the foundation to prevent perinatal and horizontal transmission, has reduced the prevalence of HBV by >80%. In countries where the hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) is available, such as China and the United States, the administration of HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine to the infants of mothers who are positive for hepatitis B surface antigen has become a standard practice and is effective in preventing vertical transmission. Accumulating evidence on the efficacy and safety of antiviral prophylaxis during pregnancy indicates the probability of attaining the goal of the World Health Organization to eliminate hepatitis by 2030. In this review, we discuss the transmission routes, diagnostic criteria, and preventive strategies for vertical transmission. A preventive program that includes screening before pregnancy, antiviral prophylaxis during pregnancy, and postpartum immunoprophylaxis provides "perfect strategies" to eliminate vertical transmission. However, there is still a notable gap between "perfect strategies" and real-world application, including insufficient coverage of timely birth dose vaccine and the efficacy and necessity of HBIG, especially in mothers who are negative for hepatitis B envelope antigen. In particular, there is a clear need for a comprehensive long-term safety profile of antiviral prophylaxis. Therefore, feasible and cost-effective preventive strategies need to be determined across regions. Access also needs to be scaled up to meet the demands for prophylaxis and prevalence targets.

简介：AbstractIntroduction:Obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is one of the commonest seen emergencies in pediatric cardiology centers.Case presentation:Our case was diagnosed to have this anomaly, showing early respiratory distress resulting from severe pulmonary congestion. Palliative stenting of the obstruction was done, which helped in stabilizing the debilitated hemodynamics of the baby before surgery, thus a good surgical outcome and prognosis are expected.Conclusion:This intervention may be listed as a vital measurement in the preoperative cardiac stabilization plan for infants with obstructed TAPVC.

简介：这研究被执行在不肥沃的汉中国家庭从父亲分析YqAZFcmicrodeletions的垂直传播到儿子调查基因因素和家庭背景影响富饶地位。在19个汉家庭的不肥沃的男性的外部血与修改复合聚合酶链反应(PCR)被提取并且屏蔽。家谱根据富饶地位和这些题目的临床的特征被拉。YqAZFcmicrodeletions的垂直传播在19个调查家庭的六种情况中被检测(31.6%，6/19)。尽管父亲和儿子显示出YqAZFc删除的一种类似的类型，父亲是肥沃的，而儿子是不肥沃、显示出的严重oligozoospermia。到在代上的不肥沃的儿子的从肥沃的父亲的YqAZFcmicrodeletion的垂直传播不是稀罕的。这在汉中国家庭在父亲和儿子在富饶地位上有不同效果。基因因素和家庭背景影响spermatogenetic显型。