简介:AbstractNephrotic syndrome is a relatively common clinical disease. Associated dyslipidemia is a risk factor for the occurrence and development of cardiovascular and renal diseases that might gradually develop into atherosclerosis, glomerulosclerosis or tubulointerstitial injury. It also confers an elevated risk of complications such as thromboembolism. If not properly controlled over the long term, dyslipidemia will become a key factor in a poor prognosis. Furthermore, dyslipidemia correlates with an increase in hepatic compensatory synthetic lipoprotein levels and a decrease in lipoprotein clearance, which can be sourced to the downregulation of hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities in endothelial cells, muscle, and adipose tissue, and clinically characterized as hypertriglyceridemia or hypercholesterolemia. However, further investigations into the mechanism(s) of dyslipidemia are needed, with the resultant detailed perspectives and analyses substantially aiding the further development of treatment guidelines. Currently, statins represent the most popular type of pharmaceutical intervention because they lower hepatic cholesterol production and promote the absorption of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol from the bloodstream, followed by second-line and other potential therapies to regulate the expression of specific receptors.
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简介:AbstractImportance:In cases of epiblepharon with lower eyelid retraction secondary to glaucoma, correcting epiblepharon alone is ineffective. Combined surgery should be performed to obtain satisfactory outcomes.Objective:To investigate outcomes after surgery to correct epiblepharon with lower eyelid retraction secondary to buphthalmos in children.Methods:A retrospective analysis of six eyes in four patients was performed included lower lid retractor recession combined with marginal rotation with tarsal fixation. The margin reflex distance-2, lagophthalmus, resolution of clinical symptoms, and complications were assessed during 6 to 12 months of follow-up.Results:In all cases, epiblepharon and lagophthalmus were corrected, symptoms of photophobia and epiphora were relieved, and the corneal epithelium was repaired. The margin reflex distance-2 decreased and remained normal during the follow-up period, but slightly regressed within 6 months postoperatively.Interpretation:Epiblepharon caused by buphthalmos in children is often associated with lower eyelid retraction. Lower lid retractor recession combined with marginal rotation with tarsal fixation fundamentally solves the problems of high eyelid tension, lower eyelid retraction, and epiblepharon and reduces the recurrence rate.
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简介:ImmunizationwithinactivatedautoreactiveTcellsmayinduceidiotypeanti-idiotypicreactionstodepleteautoreac-tireTcells,whichareinvolvedinautoimmunediseases.However,itisunknownwhetherattenuatedactivatedhealthyautologousT-cellimmunizationcouldincreaseanti-tumorimmuneresponses.Tothisend,C57B1/6micewereimmunizedwithattenuatedactivatedautologousTcells.Thesplenocytesfromimmunizedmiceshowedahigherproliferativeabil-itythanthatfromnaivemice.ThespecialphenotypeanalysisshowedthatthereweremoreCDS+TcellsandCD62L+Tcellsinimmunizedmiceafter24hofculturewith10%fetalcalfserumcompletemediuminvitro(P<0.01).TheseresultsdemonstratedthatthisimmunizationmayactivateTcellsinvivo.Furthermore,thesplenocytesfromimmunizedmicerevealedresistancetoactivation-inducedcelldeath(AICD)invitro.TofurtherstudytherelativegenesthatareresponsibleforthehigherproliferationandresistancetoAICD,theexpressionofFas/Fasligand(FasL)andGADD45βwasmeasuredbyreal-timePCR.TheresultsindicatedthatGADD45βtranscriptionwashigherinthesplenocytesfromimmunizedmicethanthatinthenaivemice.Inaddition,theFasexpressionshowedaparallelhigher,butFasLdidnotchangeobviously.Toinvestigatethebiologicfunctionsinducedbyimmunizationinvivo,atumormodelwasestablishedbyEL-4tumorcellinoculationinC57/B1mice.MicereceivingautologousT-cellimmunizationhadsignificantlyinhibitedtumorgrowthinvivo(P<0.01).ThisstudyimplicatedthatimmunizationwithattenuatedactivatedautologousTcellsenhancesanti-tumorimmuneresponsesthatparticipateintumorgrowthinhibition.