简介：Manystudieshaveinvestigatedevaporationofsessiledropsinanattempttounderstandtheeffectofwettingontheevaporationprocess.Recentlyinteresthasalsoincreasedinthedepositionofparticlesfromsuchdrops,withevaporativemassfluxbeingdeemedtoberesponsibleforring-likedeposits,andcounteractionofthemassfluxbyMarangoniconvectionexplainingmoreuniformdepositionpatterns.Understandingofsuchdepositionprocessesisimportantinbiologicalapplications,suchastheLitostest-systemendorsedbytheRussianMinistryofHealthfordiagnosisofurolithiasisandtheevaporationofcolloidaldropsfordepositingandorganizingproteinsandDNA.Inmostcaseswheredepositionfromevaporatingdropshasbeenstudied,velocityinformationisinferredfromthefinaldepositionpatternorfrommathematicalmodelingbasedonsimplifiedmodelsofthephysicsoftheevaporationprocess.Inthisstudywehavedirectlymeasuredtheflowvelocitiesinthebaseofsessiledrops,usingmicroparticleimagevelocimetry,viewingthedropfrombelow,throughthecoverslide.Forwaterdrops,aradialpatternofflowwasobservedwithamaximumvelocityclosetobutnotatthepinnedouteredge.For‘azeotropic’ethanol/watermixtures,thevelocityfieldismorechaotictobeginwith,passingthroughaphaseinvolvingthreeorfourrecirculationcellsandfinallyhavingthesameradialpatternasforwaterdrops.

简介：Waterstridersareinsectslivingonthewatersurface,overwhichtheycanmoveveryquicklyandrarelygetwetted.Wemeasuredtheforceoffreewalkinginwaterstriders,usingahairattachedtotheirbacksanda3Dstraingauge.Theerrorwascalculatedbycomparingforceanddataderivedfromgeometryandwasestimatedas13%.Femalesonaveragewerestronger(1.32mN)thanmales(0.87mN),however,theratioofforcetoweightwasnotsignificantlydifferent.Comparedwithotherlighterspecies,Aquariuspaludumseemsstronger,buttheratioofforcetoweightisactuallylower.A.paludumappliesabout0.3mN·cm-1to0.4mN·cm-1withitsmid-legs,thusavoidingpenetratingthesurfacetensionlayerwhilepropellingitselfrapidlyoverthewatersurface.WealsoinvestigatedtheexternalmorphologywithSEM.Thebodyiscoveredbyeffectivelytwolayersofmacro-andmicro-hairs,whichrendersthemhydrophobic.Thesetaearelong(40μm-60μm)andstiff,beingresponsibleforwaterproofing,andthemicrotrichiaaremuchsmaller(<10μm),slender,andflexible,holdingabubbleoverthebodywhensubmerged.

简介：Waterstridershaveremarkablewater-repellentlegsthatenablethemtostandeffortlesslyandmovequicklyonwater.Fluidphysicsindicatesthisfeatureisduetoasurface-tensioneffectcausedbythespecialhierarchicalstructureofthelegs,whicharecoveredwithalargenumberofinclinedsetaewithfinenanogroovesinducingwaterresistance.Thisinspiresustofabricatespecialwater-repellentstructureonfunctionalsurfacesthroughthecooperationbetweenthesurfacetreatmentandthesurfacemicro-andnanostructures,whichmaybringgreatadvantagesinawidevarietyofapplications.InthispaperwepresentaprocedureforfabricatingbiomimeticwaterstriderlegscoveredwithsetaeusingPolycarbonateTrack-Etched(PCTE)membranesastemplates.Bychoosingappropriatemembranelengths,diameters,pitchesanddensitiesofthesetae,thebiomimeticlegscanbefabricatedconvenientlyandatalowcost.Furthermoreweinvestigatedtherelationshipbetweenstiffnessofthemoldingmaterials,highaspectratioanddensity,whichaffectthefidelityoffabricationandselfadhesion,tooptimizethestabilityofsetae.Theknowledgewegainedfromthisstudywillofferimportantinsightsintothebiomimeticdesignandfabricationofwaterstridersetae.

简介：PlasmodiumofPhysarumpolycephalumisanidealbiologicalsubstrateforimplementingconcurrentandparallelcom-putation,includingcombinatorialgeometryandoptimizationongraphs.ThescopingexperimentsonPhysarumcomputinginconditionsofminimalfriction,onthewatersurfacewereperformed.ThelaboratoryandcomputerexperimentalresultsshowthatplasmodiumofPhysarumiscapableofcomputingabasicspanningtreeandmanipulatingoflight-weightobjects.Wespeculatethatourresultspavethepathwaystowardsthedesignandimplementationofamorphousbiologicalrobots.

简介：产地使用的空间、时间的规模和不同改编的功能的意义的知识为无脊椎的集合的人口动力学的理解是必要的。这基本知识从一个学术观点有趣不仅，但是疼痛地在恢复生态学的地里正在缺乏并且需要。Manyspecies由于降级被威胁。知道什么环境条件在种类是的这些的生活周期期间被需要在试图为威胁的种类提起存在瓶颈的恢复措施的设计重要。在在不同季节期间组织无脊椎的集合估计水类型andmicrohabitat的相对重要性，无脊椎动物在在营养水平和酸味不同的三水身体被取样。在水身体(微产地)以内的不同部分独立被取样，每水身体在所有四个季节被取样。结果证明那水身体是在季节早组织无脊椎的集合的一个重要因素，而微产地以后在季节变得更重要。微产地的Structuralcomplexity与无脊椎动物采用的运动的类型有关。季节的差别能与人口动力学有关(复制，死亡)。而且，在资源可获得性的变化被期望在水身体之间不同，以后在季节与在发育营养正常促进剂水身体的最高的变化并且与变化变得不太可预言。这被数据证实：到在食物可获得性的脉搏的种类同步在发育营养正常促进剂水身体是最强壮的。而且，同步在夏天是最强壮的，当在秋天水被散种类入侵时。把结果基于这些合成在在不同季节期间不同的水工作上被介绍。

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简介：Wedescribeafewmathematicaltoolswhichallowtoinvestigatewhetherair-waterinterfacesexist(underprescribedconditions)andaremechanicallystableandtemporallypersistent.Intermsofphysics,air-waterinterfacesaregovernedbytheYoung-Laplaceequation.Mathematicallytheyaresurfacesofconstantmeancurvaturewhichrepresentsolutionsofanonlinearellipticpartialdifferentialequation.Althoughexplicitsolutionsofthisequationcanbeobtainedonlyinveryspecialcases,itis-undermoderatelyspecialcircumstances-possibletoestablishtheexistenceofasolutionwithoutactuallysolvingthedifferentialequation.Wealsoderivecriteriaformechanicalstabilityandtemporalpersistenceofanairlayer.Furthermorewecalculatethelifetimeofanon-persistentairlayer.Finally,weapplythesetoolstotwoexampleswhichexhibitthesymmetriesof2Dlattices.TheseexamplescanbeviewedasabstractionsofthebiologicalmodelrepresentedbytheaquaticfernSalvinia.