简介：StoriesabouttheeconomytypicallyfocusonGrossDomesticProduct(GDP),jobs,stockprices,interestrates,retailsales,consumerconfidence,housingstarts,taxes,andassortedotherindicators.Wehearsuchthingsthat'GDP

简介：Despiteitstinyterritory,Macauboastsalargevolumeoftouristactivities,whichservesasthepillarofitseconomy.Environmentandnaturalresourcesarethecornerstoneoftourism,butarealsosubjecttothenegativeimpactoftourism.Basedonthetheoryandmethodologyofecologicalfootprintanalysis,thispapercalculatedthetouristicecologicalfootprintanddeficitofMacauin2009,inanefforttobringtolightthecurrentstatusofexcessiveconsumptionofresourcesbytourism.Asthefindingsshow,thenon-transferabletouristicecologicalfootprintandtouristicecologicaldeficitofMacauin2009arerespectively18300.891ghaand12737.584gha,andtheformeris3.29timesaslargeasthetouristicecologicalcarryingcapacity.TouristicecologicalfootprintofMacauishighlyefficientineconomicsensebutcurrentlytourismisdevelopinginanunsustainablemanner,soappropriateinitiativesareinneedtostrikeabalancebetweentourismdevelopmentandresourceconservationandtopromotethesustainabilityoftourismindustryofMacau.

简介：Ecologicalcity(eco-city)anditsplanningapproachareemergingconceptsinurbanstudy,urbanplanning,ecologicaleconomics,environmentalpolicyandcorporateenvironmentalmanagement.However,opinionsremaindividedovertheconnotationanddenotationoftheterm'ecologicalcity',whatkeyissuesecocityplanningcansolve,anditsspecificcontents.Inthisstudy,wepresent10basicpropositionsthatdefinetheeco-cityandclarifyitskeyparameters,therebyprovidingthebasisfordiscussingtheassumptionsandprinciplesunderlyingdifferentapproachestosustainableurbandevelopment.Wethensummarizetheconceptandprinciplesofaneco-city,anddefinethemainrequirementsforecocityplanning.Weconcludethataneco-cityisacityinwhichtheurbanpopulation,scaleoflanduseandintensityofhumanactivitiesarelimitedtotheregionalresourceandenvironmentalcarryingcapacity,whichdoesnotcauseincreasingorirreversibledamagetotheregionalecosystem'sstructure,functionsandprocesses.

简介：ThereisalackofinformationaboutthefactorsresponsiblefortheeffectivenessofenvironmentalpoliciesinBrazilianagriculture.Thisstudyaimedatidentifyingtheperceptionandpracticesofagrarianprofessionals.Thedataanalysiswascarriedoutusingasurveyandmethodologicalapproachesfocusingonenvironmentalcomplexityandcategorizationofenvironmentalactions.Quantitativeanalysiswasbasedondescriptivestatistics.Atmosphericproblemswereperceivedasthemainproblemsforthecurrentandnexttwogenerations,whilehydrologicalproblemswereindicatedasthosedeservingmosturgentsolutions.Ontheotherhand,themaindevelopedactionsandthoseplannedtobecarriedoutwereclassifiedwithintheresponsibilitycategory.Becauseofthereductionistperceptions,introductionoftheconceptofasocio-ecologicalsystemisindicatedbymeansofmethodologicalinterventionsduringthedevelopmentofagrarianprofessionals;also,inordertostimulateactionsrelatedtothecompetenceandcitizenshipcategory,amethodologicalinterventionfocusingonresiliencethinkingisproposed.Typicalactionsofindividualswitheitherreductionistorcomplexconceptionsoftheenvironmentcanbecapturedand,therefore,educationalstrategiescanbetracedbasedontheprofilesobtained.

简介：LubeiGeneralCompanyofEnterpriseGroup,ShangdongProvince,setupjointenterprisesindustrialecosystembysharingresources,symbiosisindustryandcompactstructure.Asanecologicalindustrypark,theindustrialecosystemhasbeenoperatedsuccessfullywithrichexperimentandhasbecomeoneofecologicalindustryexamplesintheworld.BasedonthecasestudyofLubeiecologicalindustryproject,componentsofindustrialchains,matterrecycleandconversion,energycycleandmultilevelutilization,systematicstructureandimpactfactoridentificationareanalyzedandsummarizedinthispaper.ThepossibleextensionanddevelopmentofLubeiecologicalindustryprojectinfutureisbroughtforwardaswell.

简介：Theconstructionofanecologicalcityhastwofounda-tionalplatforms:thesmallplatform,namelyurbandistrictorsimplycalledas'cityecosystem';andthebigplatform,namelyaroundcitydistrictincertainregionscopeoralsoreferredtoas'city-regionecosystem'.Theconstructionofanecologicalcitymustbelaunchedinthedualspatialcriteria:incity(urbandistrict)criterion—optimizingthecityecosystem;incity-region(cityterritory)criterion—optimizingthecity-regionecosystem.Luoy-anghasthebrightcharacteristicandthetypicalimagewithincitiesofChina,andevenintheworld.Theconstructionofanecologicalcityindualspatialcriteria—thecityandthecity-region—hasthevitalsignificancetourbanizationadvancementandsustainabledevelopmentinLuoyang.Incity-regioncriterion,theprimarymissionofLuoyang’secologicalcityconstructionistocreateafineecologicalenvironmentplatforminitscityterritory.Incitycriterion,thebasicdutyofLuoyang’secologiccityconstructionistoenhancetheecologicalcapacityandbenefitofthecentralcity.

简介：Sustainabledevelopmentisoneofthemostimportantideas,andgoalsofourtime.Itisdefinedas'developmentwhichmeetstheneedsandaspirationsofthecurrentgenerationanddevelopssafeandsoundsocietyforfuturegeneration'.Achievingsustainabledevelopmentthusinvolvesavigorousandurgentdebateondifferentdimensions.Thedifferentdimensionsofsustainabilityasaframeworkinvolveallissuessuchasscience,technology,economicgrowthanddevelopment,health,education,financeinvestmentandtrade,politics,naturaldisasters,populationgrowthandterrorism,etc.Nosingledimensionisresponsibletodevelopsustainablesociety.Thisarticlemainlydescribedtheintegratedrelationshipamongthethreedimensionsofsustainability.

简介：Watershedsprovideavarietyofecologicalservicesincludingsoilandwaterconservation,carbonsequestrationandbiodiversityprotection.However,activitiesinafast-growingeconomysignificantlyimpactthesupplyanddemandofthesewatershedservices.Tomitigatetheseimpacts,theconceptofpaymentforenvironmentalandecosystemservicesfromwater-shedshasemergedinglobalacademicandpolicycircles.ThegovernmentsandacademiccommunitiesinChinahaveincreas-inglydescribedpaymentsforecologicalservicesfromwatershedswiththeconceptofwatershedeco-compensationasitisurgenttoprotectwatershedecosystems.Watershedeco-compensationhasprovedtobeoneofthemosteconomicallyeffectivemeansofsolvingenvironmentalproblemsofwatershedstobeadoptedbytheChinesegovernment.ThispaperpresentsanobjectiveanalysisoftheChinesemarketforwatershedecosystemservices,includingsupplyanddemandfortheservices.ItalsosummarizesChinesepoliciesonwatershedeco-compensation,includingrelevantlawsandregulationsandfiscalpolicies.Inaddition,itpresentsare-viewofChinesepracticesinwatershedeco-compensation,in-cludingtheanalysisofanecologicalconstructionprojectinWest-ernChina,inter-provincialwatershedeco-compensationpracticesandplans,andpaymentforecologicalservicesattheprovincialandsmallwatershedlevels.Finally,itsummarizesthekeycom-ponentsoftheprocessofpaymentinChinesewatershedeco-compensation.Thisdiscussionformsthebasisofconcludingsuggestionsforecosystemservicescompensationandecologicalprotectioninthelargescaleriverbasin.

简介：Inrecentyears,thefrequentoccurrencesofmarineoilspillshavealreadybecomeoneofthemajorreasonsthreateningthemarineecologicalsafetyofChina.Intheeventofoilspill,oth-erthantakingthenecessaryemergentmeasuresaimingspecificallyatthedamagetothemarineecologyandenvironment,usinglegalmeanstoassurethatthedamageliabilitiesarebornebytherespon-siblepersonstoprotectthenationalinterestsarealsoveryneces-sary.Thispaperadvancesfiverecommendationsregardingthedevelopmentofasystemforecologicallegalcompensationsfromthestandpointofthecurrentstatusoflegislationandexecutionofthelawsoncompensationofoilspillpollutingmarineecosystem.Thesefiverecommendationsinclude:determinationofthestatusofjuristicactioninmarineecologicalandenvironmentalcompen-sationsinaccordancewiththelaws,determinationofplaintiffofmarineecologicalandenvironmentalcompensationsinaccordancewiththelaws,determinationofthefourbasicprinciplesinthele-galactionsofmarineecologicalandenvironmentalcompensationsinaccordancewiththelaws,determinationofassessmenttechnicalstandardofmarineecologicalandenvironmentaldamagesinac-cordancewiththelaws,anddeterminationofthescopeofmarineecologicalandenvironmentalcompensationsinaccordancewiththelaws.

简介：Ecologicalcityistheadvancedmodeofharmoniousdevelopmentofcity.Constantimprovementisbeingmadeinthedevelopmentofecologicalcity.However,buildingecologicalcityisanenormousprojectthatcallsforahugeamountofcapital.Thegovernmentfundisfarfromadequate.Thispaperprobesintothefundissueanddiscussesindetailthemechanismofinvestmentandfinancinginbuildingecologicalcityfromvariousaspectssuchasdiversificationoftheinvestmentsubjectsandthemodesoffinancing.

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简介：Thispaperaimsatestablishingtheoperationideabasedontheanalysisoftheconnotation,principlesandreferenceindexesforprogrammingstandardforecologicalrescue.Thepaperputsforwardthattheprogrammingstandardshouldtakeintoaccountthenatural,socialandeconomicreferenceindexes,andmodifiesthescaleanddistributionoftheecologicalrescueaccordingtotheorderofecologicalsafety,socialsafetyandeconomicdevelopment.Thepapersuggeststhatthelandplanningdepartmentshouldstrengthenthestudyanddatumaccumulationinordertoestablishthetechnologyregulationsofprogrammingstandardoftheecologicalrescue.

简介：TheproblemofwaterresourceshasbecomeabottleneckforthesustainabledevelopmentofBeijingandHebeiProvince(thetworegionstogetherarecalled"JingjiRegion"forshort).Itisimperativetoestablishaneffectiveandequitablewaterresourcesecologicalcompensation(eco-compensation)mechanism.Thethreestagesofwaterresourceseco-compensationareexpatiatedherenamelytheeco-compensationmissingstage,ecocompensationstartstageandtheeco-compensationdevelopmentstage.Throughtheestablishmentofeco-compensationgamemodelbasedonthegametheory,thereasonsoftheformationforthethreestageswereanalyzed,aswellastheconversionconditionsfromnon-cooperativegametocooperativegameamongtherelatedstakeholdersincludingthecentralgovernment,thewaterrecipientgovernmentandthewatersourcegovernment.Furthermore,thisstudypointedoutthatthewaterresourceseco-compensationinJingjiRegionwasnotestablishedbasedontheinstitution,butformedanddevelopedincopingwiththechallengesofwatercrisis.However,institutionconstructionisquiteessentialingameprocessforthewaterrecipientgovernmentandthewatersourcegovernment.Finallyrecommendationsinfourareasincludinglegalizationofeco-compensationmechanism,settingupcompensationstandards,leadingindustrialupgradinganddevelopingrelatedincentivesandconstraintswereconcluded.

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简介：Understandingtheconnotationandprinciplesofecologicalcompensationinwatersourcereserveareasisthebasisandguaranteeforestablishingandimprovingtheecologicalcompensationmechanismofwatersourcereserveareas.First,thispaperreviewsthethreestagesofecologicalcompensationresearchprogress.Basedonthereview,usingthetheoryofexternality,theecologicalenvironmentsystemofwatersourcereserveareasisthenanalyzed.Thispaperarguesthattheconnotationofecologicalcompensationinwatersourcereserveareasisakindofinstitutionalarrangement,whichisdesignedtointernalizeexternalities.Finally,basedontheunderstandingoftheconnotationofecologicalcompensationinwatersourcereserveareas,fiveprinciplesforestablishingandimprovingtheecologicalcompensationmechanismareproposed,includingtheprincipleoffairnessandjustice,theprincipleofequivalenceofequalityandresponsibility,theprincipleofflexibilityandeffectiveness,theprincipleof'earmarkfunds,andimplementationbylaw,'andtheprincipleofgovernmentcompensationsupplementedwithmarketcompensation.

简介：Theecologicalcarryingcapacity,animportantindica-tortoevaluatethesustainabledevelopmentoftheecosystem,meansthepotentialabilityofthenaturalecosystemtocarryso-cioeconomicdevelopmentwhiletheecosystemishealthy.Itislimitedbythecarryingcapacityofnaturalresourcesandenviron-mentandtheelasticityoftheecosystem.Itwillbegreatlysignifi-canttostudytheecologicalcarryingcapacityofHainanProvince,thefirstecologicalprovinceadmittedbytheStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationinChina.Notonlyisthenaturaleco-systemreflected,butalsotheeffectsofhumanactivitiesareem-phasizedbyintegratingtheecosystemhealthanalysisintotheecologicalcarryingcapacityresearch.Theresearchresults,usingtheFactorAnalysistoolsofsoftwareSPSS,indicatethattheeco-logicalcarryingcapacityofHainanProvincefluctuatedobviouslyfrom1996to2005.TheleveloftheecologicalcarryingcapacityofHainanProvincewasrelativelyhighin1996,andreachedintotroughfrom1997to1999.Ithassteadilyascendedtobeabovethemiddlelevelsincethe21stcentury.Theresultsalsoshowthatpolicyfactors,especiallytheimplementationofthe'EcologicalProvince'strategy,wereimportantdrivingforcestoinfluencetheecologicalcarryingcapacity.Withthepopulationrapidlyincreas-ing,thelandandwaterresourcespercapitahavedecreasedquickly.Theamountoftheecologicalcarryingcapacitywaspro-motedremarkablybysocioeconomicdevelopmentespeciallyeconomicgrowthandtechnologyapplications.Allofthesewillprovideusefulsuggestionstoestablishandenactregionaldevel-opmentpolicies,especiallyforprotectingandreconstructingtheecologyandenvironmentofHainanProvince.

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简介：FragileecologicalenvironmentandpovertycorrelatetoandreinforceeachothercloselyinWesternChina.Atthesametime,WesternChinaisalsothemostprominentareaoftheknowledgeandhumanpovertywithverylowlaborforcequality.OnthebasisofanalyzingthecharacteristicsofpovertyinWesternChina,thispaperstudiesthecouplingrelationshipbetweenfragileecologicalenvironmentandpovertyinWesternChina,includingtheimpactsoffragileenvironmentonpovertyoccurrenceandtheeffectsofecologicalconstructiononpovertyalleviation.Italsoanalyzedhowlowlaborqualitycausespersistentpovertyinthewesternregion.Attheendofthepaper,strategiesofdiversitypovertyalleviationinWesternChinaaresuggestedbasedonsustainabledevelopment,includingeducationimprovement,ecologicalconstruction,industriesdevelopment,infrastructureconstruction,planninginstitutioninnovation,andsoon.

简介：Thesmallhydropower(SHP)willbelesscompetitiveintheabsenceofenvironmentalvalue.Thelackofinformationhasbecomeanimportantobstaclechallengingdecision-makersinresource-usechoices.Thispaperisanapplicationofcontingentvaluationmethod(CVM)inruralChinatoestimatethewillingness-to-pay(WTP)forenvironmentalservicesprovidedbyexitinghydropowerstation.Usingthesingle-boundedanddichotomouschoiceCVM,theecologicalvalueofTongjiqiaoReservoir(TJQR)isestimated,andtheannualmeanWTPsofsingle-boundedanddouble-boundedCVMestimationare141.05and219.52Yuan(RMB)/a,respectively.The95%confidenceintervalofannualWTPonanaverageis118.47,166.79Yuan(RMB)/aand204.41,236.22(YuanRMB)/a,respectively.Incontrast,double-boundedmodelcouldobtainmuchmoreinformationofWTPoftheinvestigated,thusreducingtheconfidenceintervalofestimation,andenhancingtheestimationaccuracyoftheWTP.AccordingtotheestimatedmeanWTPofthedouble-boundedCVM,thetotalecosystemservicevalueoftheTJQRis15.54millionYuan(RMB).Comparedwiththeconventionalelectricityoffossilpowerandlargehydropower,theSHPwillbelesscompetitiveintheabsenceofnon-marketvalue,ignoringthattheenvironmentalimpactsofexistingSHPwillunderminethehealthydevelopmentofcleanenergysector.