简介：ThedevelopmentoftheclassificationofferralliticsoilsinChinaisreviewedandtheclassificationofFerralisolsandFerrisolsinChineseSoilTaxonomyisintroducedinordertodiscussthecorrelationbetweentheferralliticsoilclassificationintheChineseSoilTaxonomyandthoseoftheothersoilclassificationsystems.IntheformersoilclassificationsystemsofChina,theferralliticsoilswereclassifiedintothesoilgroupsofLatosols,Latosoilcredsoils,Redsoils,YellowsoilsandDryredsoils,accordingtothecombinationofsoilformingconditions,soil-formingprocesses,Soilfeaturesandsoilproperties.IntheChineseSoilTaxonomy,mostofferralliticsoilsareclassifiedintothesoilordersofFerralisolsandFerrisolsbasedonthediagnostichorizonsand/ordiagnosticcharacteristicswithquantitativelydefinedproperties.Ferralisolsarethesoilsthathaveferralichorizon,andtheyaremerelysubdividedintoonesuborderandtwosoilgroups.FerrisolsarethesoilsthathaveLAC-ferrichorizonbutdonothaveferralichorizon.andtheyaresubdividedintothreesubordersandelevensoilgroups.FerralisolsmaycorrespondtopartofLatosolsandLatosolicredsoils.FerrisolsmayeithercorrespondtopartofRedsoils,YellowsoilsandDryredsoils,orcorrespondtopartofLatosolsandLatosolicredsoils.

简介：TocomparethedevelopmentofphysicalcrustsinthreetypicalcultivatedsoilsofChina,ablacksoil(LuvicPhaeozem),aloesssoil(HaplicLuvisol),andapurplesoil(CalcaricRegosol)werepackedinsplashplateswithcoveredanduncoveredtreatments,andexposedtosimulatedrainfall.Meshescoveredabovethesurfacesofhalfofsoilsamplestosimulatetheeffectsofcropresidueoncrusting.Theresultsindicatedaprogressivebreakdownofaggregatesonthesoilsurfaceasrainfallcontinued.Thebulkdensityandshearstrengthonthesurfaceofthethreesoiltypesincreasedlogarithmicallyasrainfalldurationincreased.Duringthefirst30minofsimulatedrainfall,thepurplesoildevelopeda7-8mmthickcrustandtheloesssoildevelopeda3-4mmthickcrust.Theblacksoildevelopedadistinguishable,butstillunstable,crustafter80minofsimulatedrainfall.Soilorganicmatter(SOM)content,themeanweightdiameter(MWD)ofsoilaggregates,andsoilclaycontentwerenegativelycorrelatedwiththerateofcrustformation,whereasthepercentageofaggregatedispersion(PAD),theexchangeablesodiumpercentage(ESP),andthesiltandsandcontentswerepositivelycorrelatedwithcrusting.Mechanicalbreakdowncausedbyraindropimpactwastheprimarymechanismofcrustformationintheblacksoilwithmorestableaggregates(MWD25.0mm,PAD3.1%)andhigherSOMcontent(42.6gkg~(-1)).Slakingandmechanicaleluviationweretheprimarymechanismsofcrustformationinthepurplesoilwithlowclaycontent(103gkg~(-1)),cationexchangecapacity(CEC,228mmolkg~(-1)),ESP(0.60%),andSOM(17.2gkg~(-1)).MechanicalbreakdownandslakingwerethemostimportantintheloesssoilwithlowCEC(80.6mmolkg~(-1)),ESP(1.29%),SOM(9.82gkg~(-1)),andhighPAD(71.7%)andMWD(4.6mm).Simulatedresiduecoverreducedcrustformationinblackandloesssoils,butincreasedcrustformationinpurplesoil.

简介：Basedontheconceptionoffluidmechanics,thepaperpropoundsamodelformonthlypotentialevapotranspirationETi(mm):ETi=22di(1.6+Ui^1/2)woi(1-hi)/Pi^1/2(273.2+ti)^1/4whereiisthenumberofamonth,Pithemeanmonthlyatmosphericpressure(hPa),tithemeanmonthlyairtemperature(℃),dithenumberofdaysinthemonth,Uithemeanmonthlywindvelocitymeasuredatheight10-12m(m/s),woithesaturatedwatervapourpressureatti(mmHg,1mmHg=133.322Pa),andhithemeanmonthlyrelativehumidity.TheannualaridityKis:K=12∑i=1ETi/rawhereraisthemeanannualprecipitation(mm).Baseduponthedataof669sitesinChinaduring1951-1980,therelationsamongthesoilmoistureregime,thevegetationandthevalueofKmaybeillustratedasfollows:KSoilmoistureregimeVegetationK<1UdicFOrest1≤K<2semi-udicFroest,froest-steppeandsteppe2≤K<3.5Semi-aridicAridsteppe3.5≤K<11AridecDesert-steppeK≥11VeryaridicDesert.

简介：ForestmanagementisexpectedtoinfluencesoilCO2efflux(FCO2)asaresultofchangesinmicroenvironmentalconditions,soilmicroclimate,androotdynamics.SoilFCO2ratewasmeasuredduringthegrowingseasonof2006inboththinningandnon-thinninglocationswithinstandsrangingfrom0to8yearsafterthemostrecentthinninginChinesefir(Cunninghamialanceolata(Lamb.)Hook)plantationsinHuitongEcosystemResearchStation,Hunan,China.SoiltemperatureandmoisturewerealsomeasuredtoexaminerelationshipsbetweenFCO2andsoilproperties.ForestthinningresultedinhugechangesinFCO2thatvariedwithtimesincecutting.Immediatelyfollowingharvest(year0)FCO2inthinningareaincreasedbyabout30%,declinedto20%–27%belowpre-cuttinglevelsduringyears4–6,andrecoveredtopre-cuttinglevelsat8yearspost-cutting.Asimilartemporalpattern,butwithsmallerchanges,wasfoundinnon-thinninglocations.TheinitialincreaseinFCO2couldbeattributedtoacombinationofrootdecay,soildisturbance,andincreasedsoiltemperatureingaps,whilethesubsequentdecreaseandrecoverytothedeathandgradualregrowthofactiveroots.StrongeffectsofsoiltemperatureandsoilwatercontentonFCO2werefound.ForestthinningmainlyinfluencedFCO2throughchangesintreerootrespiration,andthenetresultwasadecreaseinintegratedFCO2fluxthroughtheentirefellingcycle.

简介：硫的稳定的同位素的分析(34S)是为在土壤识别硫的来源的一个有用工具。水溶性的硫酸盐(WSS)的集中和硫(S)同位素，吸附的硫酸盐(作为)，剩余硫(RS)，和在四个中国省的无教养的表面土壤的全部的硫(TS)系统地为在土壤识别S的来源被分析。格林和健康苔藓(Haplocladiummicrophyllum)作为bioindicators被取样。吝啬的WSS集中(27.8±在表面土壤的23.4mgkg−1)是比那些低的作为(101.4±57.0mgkg−1)和RS(381.5±256.7mgkg−1)。吝啬的34WSS并且作为的S价值是很类似的(大约2.0%)，RS(8.0%)和TS(6.1%)比那些降低。重要线性关联在34S价值作为并且WWS(y=1.0002x–0.0557，P<0.0001)，在土壤显示那硫酸盐吸附显著地分别S。在贵州省的土壤的所有S种类被最低34S价值，与大多数34弄空S的雨水硫酸盐在贵州的Guiyang报导了省。34在以前报导的苔藓和雨水的硫酸盐的S值线性地显著地WWS并且作为在表面土壤与那些被相关，建议那大气的S输入是为土壤WSS并且作为的重要来源。然而，在雨水硫酸盐和RS或TS的同位素的作文之间没有重要关联。所有这些重要线性关联的斜坡(土壤/雨水或土壤/苔藓同位素的比率)是0.4–0.6，在表面土壤显示那无机的硫酸盐应该是与更多的34弄空S的硫酸盐部件可能从RS的矿化作用。

简介：在土壤和蔬菜的锑(Sb)的高集中能引起潜在的健康风险。然而，庄稼的生长和反应上的Sb的效果不是众所周知的，迄今为止，仍然为在中国的AlliticUdicFerrisols没有Sb限制标准。在这研究，一个温室实验被执行在生物资源，生理的表演，和宏上调查锑(Sb)的效果--并且绿中国卷心菜(BrassicachinensisL.)的微量元素元素集中，以及酶活动在从湖南省的AlliticUdicFerrisols，中国。锑以0的率(控制)被供应，2，5，10，20，和50mgkg−1并且因此在对待的土壤样品1.0mgkg−1,与背景珍视Sb集中是1，3，6，1121，并且51mgkg−1,分别地。结果显著地显示出卷心菜的叶生物资源和维生素酸内容(P<0.05)分别地，在30.6%和48.3%减少了并且显著地也玷污urease和脱氢酶活动(P<0.05)分别地，在33.6%和32.5%减少了什么时候玷污Sb集中，作为与控制相比是21mgkg−1。象由卷心菜的Mg，Cu，和Zn那样的必要滋养的元素的举起显然被影响，当时当土壤Sb集中超过了21mgkg−1时，可溶的糖内容稍微改变了的叶。把生理的回答和土壤酶活动基于卷心菜，为在AlliticUdicFerrisols的Sb的21mgkg−1的可允许的集中应该被推荐。