简介：FrederickSanger(1980NoblePrizeLaureatesforChemistry)exploresthetechnologyofDNAsequencing.Sangerandcolleaguesusethetechniquetodeterminethesequenceofall5,375nucleotidesofthebacteriophagephi-X174,thefirstcompletedeterminationofthegenomeofanorganism.

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简介：Thesurfaceglycoproteinhemagglutinin(HA)helpstheinfluenzaAvirustoevadethehostimmunesystembyantigenicvariationandisamajordrivingforceforviralevolution.Inthisstudy,theselectionpressureonHAofH5N1influenzaAviruswasanalyzedusingbioinformaticsalgorithms.Mostoftheidentifiedpositiveselection(PS)siteswerefoundtobewithinoradjacenttoepitopesites.SomeoftheidentifiedPSsitesareconsistentwithpreviousexperimentalstudies,providingfurthersupporttothebiologicalsignificanceofourfindings.ThehighestfrequencyofPSsiteswasobservedinrecentstrainsisolatedduring2005–2007.PhylogeneticanalysiswasalsoconductedonHAsequencesfromvarioushosts.Viraldriftisalmostsimilarinbothavianandhumanspecieswithaprogressivetrendovertheyears.OurstudyreportsnewmutationsinfunctionalregionsofHAthatmightprovidemarkersforvaccinedesignorcanbeusedtopredictisolatesofpandemicpotential.

简介：骨头导出髓的间充质的干细胞(MSC)是为房间移植在临床的应用程序显示出一个重要潜力的pluripotent干细胞。在现在的论文，proteomic技术被用来接近与猪的骨头髓MSC联系的蛋白质侧面并且在5-azacytidine(5-aza)的效果上调查MSC蛋白质的规定。超过1,700蛋白质种类根据胶化分析与MSC被分开。与控制MSC介绍的表达式相比，有起来调整的11个蛋白质点并且26在5-aza-treated房间的蛋白质模式下面调整。21蛋白质的一个总数被MALDI-TOF-MS分析成功地识别，在哪个之中一些有趣的蛋白质，例如高山哈B-crystallin，在A2的附属建筑，和stathmin1，被报导了通过不同发信号的小径在房间增长和区别包含。我们的数据应该为MSC区别和apoptosis的未来学习是有用的。

简介：Inthepost-genomicera,variouscomputationalmethodsthatpredictprotein-proteininteractionsatthegenomelevelareavailable;however,eachmethodhasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages,resultinginfalsepredictions.Herewedevel-opedauniqueintegratedapproachtoidentifyinteractingpartner(s)ofSemaphorin5A(SEMA5A),beginningwithsevenproteinssharingsimilarligandinteractingresiduesasputativebindingpartners.ThemethodsincludeDwyerandRoot-Bernstein/Dillontheoriesofproteinevolution,hydropathiccomplementarityofproteinstructure,patternofproteinfunctionsamongmolecules,informationondomain-domaininteractions,co-expressionofgenesandproteinevolution.AmongthesetofsevenproteinsselectedasputativeSEMA5Ainteractingpartners,wefoundthefunctionsofPlexinB3andNeuropilin-2tobeassociatedwithSEMA5A.WemodeledthesemaphorindomainstructureofPlexinB3andfoundthatitsharessimilaritywithSEMA5A.Moreover,avirtualexpressiondatabasesearchandRT-PCRanalysisshowedco-expressionofSEMA5AandPlexinB3andtheseproteinswerefoundtohaveco-evolved.Inaddition,weconfirmedtheinterac-tionofSEMA5AwithPlexinB3inco-immunoprecipitationstudies.Overall,thesestudiesdemonstratethatanintegratedmethodofpredictioncanbeusedatthegenomelevelfordiscoveringmanyunknownproteinbindingpartnerswithknownligandbindingdomains.

简介：InFebruary2006,twooutbreaksofhighlypathogenicavianinfluenzaAvirussubtypeH5N1occurredinchickensintwoneighboringdistricts(firstinNandurbarandsecondinJalgaon)ofMaharashtra,India,inaspanof12days.Inthepresentstudy,theneuraminidase(NA)geneofthetwoIndianH5N1isolateswastakenintoconsiderationtofindifthetwostrainsaregeneticallysimilar.PhylogeneticanalysisoftheNAgeneshowedthattheH5N1strainsisolatedfromthetwooutbreakswerenotoriginatedfromthesamesource.ThefirstIndianisolate(Nandubar/7972/06)wasclusteredclosesttoanisolatefromchickeninVietnamin2004,whereasthesecondIndianisolate(Jalgaon/8824/06)showedresemblancetostrainsisolatedfromswaninItalyandIranin2006.Moreover,aminoacidsequenceanalysisshowedvaryinghotspotsforsubstitutionsbetweenthesetwoIndianisolates,andthreesubstitutionswerefoundatfunctionaldomainsites.Secondarystructurechangesduetothesesubstitutionswerealsoreported.ThisstudyrevealsthattheH5N1strainsisolatedfromchickensduring2006birdfluoutbreaksintwoneighboringdistrictsofMaharashtra,Indiaaregeneticallydifferent.