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简介：Vegetationdegradationisrelatedtothestabilityandsuccessionprocessofecologicalsystems.Thispapercombedandscreenedtherecentnationalandinternationalresearchonvegetationdegradation,anddiscussedvegetationdegradationresearchintermsofselectionofreferenceecosystemforevaluation,selectionofevaluationindexsystemandtheselectionofevaluationmethods.Atlast,thedirectionofvegetationdegradationresearchwaspredictedandprospected.

简介：Bydrawingonstudiesofdomesticandinternationalforestlandscapeassessmentandvisualevaluationofurbansoundscape,wesummarizedthemainfactorsaffectingtheforestsoundscape.Onthisbasis,weestablishedanevaluationsystemforlevel2class3forestsoundscape.Elevenindicatorsoftheforestsoundlandscapeaestheticevaluationsystemandtheweightoftheproductwerescored,andthentheaccumulatedscoredvaluesweredefinedasthesoundlandscapeaestheticindex.Theacousticlandscapeindexwasusedtomeasurethesizeoftheforestlandscapebeautifuldegree.

简介：Background:Dependingontreeandsitecharacteristicscrownbiomassaccountsforasignificantportionofthetotalabovegroundbiomassinthetree.Crownbiomassestimationisusefulfordifferentpurposesincludingevaluatingtheeconomicfeasibilityofcrownutilizationforenergyproductionorforestproducts,fuelloadassessmentsandfiremanagementstrategies,andwildfiremodeling.However,crownbiomassisdifficulttopredictbecauseofthevariabilitywithinandamongspeciesandsites.Thustheallometricequationsusedforpredictingcrownbiomassshouldbebasedondatacollectedwithpreciseandunbiasedsamplingstrategies.Inthisstudy,weevaluatetheperformancedifferentsamplingstrategiestoestimatecrownbiomassandtoevaluatetheeffectofsamplesizeinestimatingcrownbiomass.Methods:Usingdatacollectedfrom20destructivelysampledtrees,weevaluated11differentsamplingstrategiesusingsixevaluationstatistics:bias,relativebias,rootmeansquareerror(RMSE),relativeRMSE,amountofbiomasssampled,andrelativebiomasssampled.Wealsoevaluatedtheperformanceoftheselectedsamplingstrategieswhendifferentnumbersofbranches(3,6,9,and12)areselectedfromeachtree.Treespecificloglinearmodelwithbranchdiameterandbranchlengthascovariateswasusedtoobtainindividualbranchbiomass.Results:Comparedtoallothermethodsstratifiedsamplingwithprobabilityproportionaltosizeestimationtechniqueproducedbetterresultswhenthreeorsixbranchespertreeweresampled.However,thesystematicsamplingwithratioestimationtechniquewasthebestwhenatleastninebranchespertreeweresampled.Underthestratifiedsamplingstrategy,selectingunequalnumberofbranchesperstratumproducedapproximatelysimilarresultstosimplerandomsampling,butitfurtherdecreasedRMSEwheninformationonbranchdiameterisusedinthedesignandestimationphases.Conclusions:UseofauxiliaryinformationindesignorestimationphasereducestheRMSEproducedbyasamplingstrategy.Howe

简介：Thispaperisasummarizationonevaluationofvalueofartificialforest.Themaincontentsinclude:(i)thedifferenceinconceptsbetweenecologicalfunction,ecologicalefficiencyandecologicalbenefitsofartificialforest;(ii)themotiveandseveraltachesofeconomicfeedbackorcompensationforecologicalbenefit;(iii)theecologicalefficienciesofartificialforestandthemaincorrelativefactorswhichincludestheecologicalefficienciesofartificialforestandthemaincorrelationfactorsinfectingtheecologicalefficiency;(iv)thebasicmathcorrelationsbetweenecologicalefficienciesofartificialforestandtherelatedfactors;(v)servicerangeoftheecologicalefficienciesofartificialforest;and(vi)thebasicprincipleofmeasurementofecologicalefficienciesofartificialforest.Attheend,thebasicmethodsofmainecologicalefficienciesofartificialforestareexpatiated.

简介：Theimpropercultivationofcommercialplantation,whichisamanagementactivitywiththepropertiesofeconomy,willleadtoenvironmentlossessuchaslanddegradation,soilerosion,pestsanddiseases.Environmentalcostiseasilyneglectedbyexecutives,however,itexistsactually.Thevariety,intersectingandoverlappingofenvironmentlossesdecidetheboundaryofevaluationandthenecessityofindicesonenvironmentalcost.Theresearchanalyzesthecharacteristicsanddisciplinariansofenvi...

简介：Inaspectofthescaleofworks,theThreeNorthShelterbeltProgramisuptonowthemostmagnificentprojectofforestryecologicalconstructionintheworld.Attheendof2000,the1st,2nd,and3rdperiodsofconstructioninthe1stphase(1978-2000)hadbeencompleted.Basedonfuzzycomprehensiveevaluationmethod,thepaperisabouttheresearchesonpost-evaluationinthe1stphaseaimsoftheThreeNorthShelterbeltProgram.Theconclusionobtainedisthattheaimsarepartlysuccessful.

简介：Byadoptingtheevaluationindexsystemofconservationprioritywhichincludedthreatenedcoefficient,geneticcoefficient,utilizationcoefficient,protectionstatuscoefficientandliststatuscoefficient,theendangeredplantsinNortheastChinawerequantitativelyanalyzedandsyntheticallyevaluated,andthevalueofconservationpriorityandconservationprioritygradesoftheendangeredplantsweredetermined.Theresultsshowedthattherewere60speciesofendangeredplantsbelongingto42generaand25familiesinNortheastChina,thevalueofconservationpriorityrangedfrom0.8538-0.3184.Theendangeredplantsweredividedinto3gradesaccordingtotheirvaluesofconservationpriority,17speciesbelongingto15generaand11familieswereinthefirstgradeprotection,18speciesbelongingto14generaand11familieswereinthesecondgradeprotection,25speciesbelongingto17generaand13familieswereinthethirdgradeprotection.Thequantitativelyevaluationindexsystemofconservationpriorityinthispaperrepresentedthedegreeofconservationpriorityoftheendangeredplantscomprehensively,objectivelyandaccurately.

简介：Fourenvironmemtalservicefunctionsofwheat,barleyandrapeecosystemareevaluatedinmaterialproduction,airadjustment(includingcarbondioxidefixationandoxygenreleaseinTibetanAutonomousRegion),waterconservation,andnutrientrecycling.Basedonittheeconomiclossofenvironmentduetodesertificationisvalued.TheresultsshowthattheservicefunctionsoffarmlandecosysteminTibetaretotallyvaluedat4436.2×106yuan,thevalueofeachservicefunctionisorderedas:airadjust...

简介：Thedemandforsimpleandrapidbioassaysinecotoxicologicalevaluationsisofparamountimportanceinordertospeedupenvironmentalmonitoringprograms.Inthisstudyweperformedbioassayswithlettuceseedsandtwospeciesofterrestrialisopods(ArmadillidiumvulgareandPorcelliodilatatus)fortheecotoxicologicalassessmentofalandfarmingsoilfromapetrochemicalcomplexarea.Thesolubilizedcontentoftestsoildemonstratedaconcentration-responsetypetoxiceffectonseedgerminationrate,andadelayongermination,butshowedtoxiceffectonseedlingswetweightonlyatthehighestconcentration.Toxiceffectswerealsoobservedinmortalityrateandavoidancebehaviorofthetwowoodlicespecies.Theseresultsdemonstratedthesensitivenessoftheorganismsstudied,andhighlightedthepossibilitytousethesebioassaysinenvironmentalmonitoringprogramsinareascontaminatedwithfossilfuels.

简介：Thegrowthandmorphologicalcharacteristicsof25speciesofpoplarwereinvestigated.ThecuttingswerecultivatedinHoaglandNutrientSolution,whichwasmadewithsodiumchloride(NaCl)solutionsofconcentrationof1.00,3.00,4.00,5.00,6.00,and8.00g/L,respectively.Undersuchsaltstress,thenewbranchlengthandbiomassaccumulationofcuttingsdecreasedasthesaltconcentrationincreased.Theroot/shootratioofmostofspeciesshowedanescalationandthenreductiontendency.Underlowcon...

简介：降雨，throughfall和stemflow被测量，华盖拦截损失在一个成熟衰退混血儿以内从6月22日为14个降雨事件被导出到2008年8月30日白云杉(Piceaglauca(Moench)Voss

简介：Identificationofhigh-yieldingstablepromisingricelinesanddeterminationofsuitableareasforricelineswouldbedonebyadditivemaineffectsandmultiplicativeinteraction(AMMI)model.SevenpromisingricegenotypesplustwocheckvarietiesShiroudiand843wereanalyzedusingarandomizedcompleteblockdesignwiththreereplicationsinthreeconsecutiveyears(2012,2013and2014).Homogenouserrorvariancewasindicatedinthenineenvironmentsforgrainyield.Thecombinedanalysisofvarianceindicatedsignificanteffectsofenvironment,genotypeandgenotype×environment(GE)interactionsongrainyield.ThesignificanteffectofGEinteractionreflectedonthedifferentialresponseofgenotypesinvariousenvironmentsanddemonstratedthatGEinteractionhadremarkableeffectongenotypicperformanceindifferentenvironments.TheapplicationofAMMImodelforpartitioningtheGEinteractioneffectsshowedthatonlythefirsttwotermsofAMMIweresignificantbasedonGollob'sF-test.ThelowestAMMI-1wasobservedforG7,G2andG6.G7andG6hadhighergrainyield.Accordingtothefirsteigenvalue,whichbenefitsonlythefirstinteractionprincipalcomponentscores,G1,G6,G2andG9werethemoststablegenotypes.Thevaluesofthesumoffirsttwointeractionprincipalcomponentscorescouldbeusefulinidentifyinggenotypestability,andG6,G5andG2werethemostdynamicstablegenotypes.AMMIstabilityvalueintroducedG6asthemoststableone.AccordingtoAMMIbiplotview,G6washighyieldingandhighlystablegenotype.Inconclusion,thisstudyrevealedthatGEinteractionswereanimportantsourceofriceyieldvariation,anditsAMMIbiplotswereforcefulforvisualizingtheresponseofgenotypestoenvironments.

简介：为高度产生降级的土壤的可持续性的一个重要因素是监视即时并且写实地反映不同收割系统在土壤上强加的变化的工具的使用。为了选择，在甘蔗(SaccharumofficinarumL.)玷污优秀指示物变量在管理辨别完成敏感的标准到管理惯例和在季节之间一致性的生产区域，十件合成土壤样品(010厘米)在器官的甘蔗(OS)的耕作下面从区域在2006年3月(旱季)在2005年7月(雨季)并且再被收集，绿甘蔗(GS)，烧的甘蔗(BS)并且从一个邻近的本国的森林(NF)在UsinaTriunfo的区域，BocadaMata，Alagoas，巴西。微生物引起的biomass-C(MBC)，全部的器官的C(TOC)，表示为水解作用，水马厩土壤总数(MWD)的吝啬的重量直径，和水马厩宏的百分比聚集的荧光黄diacetate(食物及药品管理局)(PWSA)的率的土壤酶活动被分析。尽管MBC和TOC比在栽培区域在NF是更高的，没有差别在在三个甘蔗系统之间的这些C水池被观察。到地点管理的食物及药品管理局的反应依赖于采样时间。在多雨的时期，这项活动跟随了顺序：NF>OS>GS>BS在旱季，仅仅NF不同于另外的处理。不管采样时间，MWD和PWSA在顺序NF减少了>OS=GS>BS。变量MWD和PWSA为不管怎样在地点管理历史之间区别是相当敏感的采样季节。

简介：Thepapersummarizedthemeaningofpost-evaluationforcomprehensivebenefitsofforestryecologicalprograms,discussedandrevieweditsdevelopmentprocessintermsofcontent,indicatorsandmethodologies,andfinallypresenteditsdevelopmenttrendfromtheperspectivesoftheoreticalresearch,methodologicalresearchandapplicationresearch.

简介：Populus在西北的印度在整个它的分布范围受不了多重昆虫损坏。工具基于假设被做昆虫产地的那操作的各种各样的管理的评估能提供有形的结果。文化惯例的操作，在12月期间地耕作，并且庄稼(小麦，Trifoliumalexandrinum和其它)成长导致更低的成年出现，减少的叶群袭，每白杨叶除叶剂(PLD)的米分支长度幼虫和蛹数。休闲种植园是容易的更多比杂种的种植园PLD攻击。Closterarestitura的更高的发生由于这个地点，灌溉水的差的质量和干燥天气条件的不适当在西南的干燥地区被记录。Populus树的完全的脱衣不发生在低温度与高湿度，旁遮普的submountaneous地区。化学控制研究在实验室与领域条件被进行，并且在五杀虫药剂之中测试了Profenophos50EC，Quinalphos25EC和酉维因50WP@0.05和0.1%集中在喷洒以后把PLD幼虫的一致地高的死亡给了21天。在山峰活动时期以前与在晚上小时期间的杀虫药剂的使用提高管理选择的效率。

简介：Aerobicstaticpilecomposting(mechanicalturningevery3days)ofpigmanurewaspreparedat8m3windrowheaps.Sawdustwasusedasthebulkingagenttoprovideadditionalcarbonandtoincreasetheporosityofthesubstrate.TwotreatmentsatinitialC/Nratiosof30and15,respectively,weredesignedinthestudy.Dissolvedorganiccarbon(DOC),solubleNH4+-N,C/Nratiosinsolidandaqueousphases,E4/E6ratios,andseedgerminationindex(GI)weredeterminedtoevaluatethematurityoftheco-composts.Seedgerminationindex,abiologicalparameter,wassuggestedasoneofthemostreliablematurityindicatorsfororganiccompost.TheresultsshowedthatthetreatmentattheinitialC/Nratioof30reachedmaturityafter49daysofcomposting;however,thetreatmentattheinitialC/Nratioof15shouldrequirecompostingtimeoflongerthan63daystoobtainmaturation.Chemicalmulti-indicatorevaluationwasnecessary,andtheGImeasurementwastherecommendedapproachformaturityevaluationinthestudy.

简介：ThispapergivesanexpatiationonsignificanceandspecificrequirementsofdevelopingafforestationandreforestationprojectunderCDMinKyotoProtocol.AccordingtotheinternationalrulesandthecurrentforestrydevelopmentsituationinChina,thepriorityareaforCDMafforestationandreforestation(CDMA/R)projectisfinallyfoundafterscientificselectionandassessmentonindicators,includingthenon-forestlandareain1990,growthrateoftree,afforestationcost,biodiversityandcommunitydevelopment.TheoutcomefromthestudyprovidesasolidbasisforfindingandimplementingCDMA/RcarbonsequestrationprojectsinChina.ThestudyalsoputsforwardsuggestionsonthestrategytodevelopandmanageCDMA/RprojectsinChina

简介：有对Helicoverpaarmigera的内脏朊酶的活动的一个Bowman-Birk禁止者从Albizialebbeck的使脱去脂肪的种子面粉在0.1M钠磷酸盐缓冲区被提取。它在DEAE-SephadexA50上用铵硫酸盐降水，SephadexG-100列上的胶化过滤层析和离子交换层析与51.43%恢复被净化到29.62褶层。净化的蛋白质有由SDS页决定了的12,303daltons的分子的重量。是热被发现稳定直到60

简介：Keerqin沙土地位于在向东北平凡、内部的蒙古之间的过渡地面(42°41′-45°15′N，118°35′-123°30′E)在东北Chinaand，它被沙漠化严重影响。根据地球表面的配置和生态环境，植被，赤裸的砂土的职业比率和土壤质地的范围被使用地调查数据作为评估索引选择。Keerqin沙的沙漠化的评估索引系统被使用遥感数据建立，并且赤裸的砂土的职业比率被混合光谱模型获得。这个索引系统被域调查数据验证，结果显示它对Keerqin的thedesertification评估合适。