简介：本节主要介绍早期单道系列人工耳蜗的研究和临床应用，对今日数字人工耳蜗仍有参考意义。

简介：目的探讨鼻内镜结合电子鼻咽喉镜在鼻窦手术中的应用。方法对32例上颌窦侧壁与底壁交界处囊肿，16例蝶窦囊肿，12例真菌球性上颌窦炎，采用鼻内镜和电子鼻咽喉镜相结合进行手术治疗。结果所有患者均一次手术成功，术中出血较少，平均约（20±3）mL。术后随访6个月，复查见鼻窦自然开口均无闭锁或粘连，所有患者均未见复发。结论鼻内镜结合电子鼻咽喉镜在鼻窦手术中，尤其是对上颌窦前壁、前壁与底壁交界处，蝶窦底壁、侧壁病灶的清除，能在尽可能减少窦口开窗范围的情况下，充分发挥各内镜的优点，以达到微创目的。

简介：AIM:Toevaluatetheaccuracyofsphericalequivalent(SE)estimatesofadouble-passsystemandtocompareitwithretinoscopy,subjectiverefractionandatablemountedautorefractor.METHODS:Non-cycloplegicrefractionwasperformedon125eyesof65healthyadults(age23.5±3.0years)fromOctober2010toJanuary2011usingretinoscopy,subjectiverefraction,autorefraction(AutokeratorefractometerTOPCONKR-8100,Japan)andadoublepasssystem(OpticalQualityAnalysisSystem,OQAS,VisiometricsS.L.,Spain).Nineconsecutivemeasurementswiththedouble-passsystemwereperformedonasubgroupof22eyestoassessrepeatability.ToevaluatethetruenessoftheOQASinstrument,theSElaboratorybiasbetweenthedoublepasssystemandtheothertechniqueswascalculated.RESULTS:TheSEmeancoefficientofrepeatabilityobtainedwas0.22D.SignificantcorrelationscouldbeestablishedbetweentheOQASandtheSEobtainedwithretinoscopy(r=0.956,P<0.001),subjectiverefraction(r=0.955,P<0.001)andautorefraction(r=0.957,P<0.001).ThedifferencesinSEbetweenthedouble-passsystemandtheothertechniquesweresignificant(P<0.001),butlackedclinicalrelevanceexceptforretinoscopy;Retinoscopygavemorehyperopicvaluesthanthedouble-passsystem-0.51±0.50Daswellasthesubjectiverefraction-0.23±0.50D;Moremyopicvalueswereachievedbymeansofautorefraction0.24±0.49D.CONCLUSION:Thedouble-passsystemprovidesaccurateandreliableestimatesoftheSEthatcanbeusedforclinicalstudies.Thistechniquecandeterminethecorrectfocuspositiontoassesstheocularopticalquality.However,ithasarelativelysmallmeasuringrangeincomparisonwithautorefractors(-8.00to+5.00D),andrequirespriorinformationontherefractivestateofthepatient.