简介:Severalpre-andpost-congressfieldtripswereorganizedinconnectionwiththe32ndInternationalGeologicalCongressheldinFlorence,Italy,duringAugust,2004.Oneofthese,thePrestigeFieldTrip(PR01--AtraversethroughCentralAsiaranges,fromtheIndianplatetotheKarakorum)lastedfor16daysfrom21Juneto6July.M.GaetanioftheUniversityofMilan(Italy)actedasLeaderandoverallOrganizer,withA.Zanchi(Univ.Milano-Bicocca),M.Q.Jan(Univ.ofPeshawar,Pakistan)andM.N.Chaudhry(PunjabUniversity,Pakistan)asAssociateLeaders.LocallogisticsweretakencareofbytheAdventureTours,Pakistan.
简介:Inthelate19thandtheearly20thcentury,withexpandingindustrialismandurbanisation,theideaofthenationstategrewstronginSweden.Inthisnationalisticenvironment,natureandthenaturalsciencesassumedanimportantunifyingrole.Thesearchfornaturalresourcesandsourcesofenergyinspiredpoliticalsupportandresearch.Theexploitationofnaturewaslookeduponasaprerequisiteforthemodernizationofthecountry,andindeedwastobecomethebasisforSweden'swelfare.Itwasunderthesecircumstancesthat,in1906,the11thIGCwasinvitedtoStockholmin1910.ArequestforaGovernmentgrantfocusedontheinternationaldevelopmentofsciencebutalsostressedthenationalimportance.Swedenhad,itwassaid,itsrankingpositionamongnationstodefend,toupholditspositionamongcivilizednations,andtomaintainitsdistinguishedtraditioninthespheresofnaturalsciencesandminingoperations.ThemaintopicsoftheCongresswereironoreresources,post-glacialclimatechange,glacialerosion,theCambrianfauna,geologyofthePrecambrian,andgeologyofthepolarregions.Threeexhibitionsand24excursionswerearranged,and41guidebooksprinted.Thenumberofmemberspresentwas625,from37countriesandsixcontinents.Thefinalcostforarrangingthe11thIGCwasSEK125,000(approximately∈540,000today).AnovelexperienceinthetraditionoftheIGCswastheworld-wideinquiriesabouttheresourcesofironoreandaboutclimatechange.Suchthematic,worldwideinvestigationssubsequentlycametoattracttheattentionofmanyIGCs.ApropositiontoestablishacommissionforthepublicationofaninternationalstratigraphicdictionarywasapprovedbytheCongress,andasubcommissionwassetupwithcommissionersfromtencountries,butitwasnotuntil1956thatthefirstvolumesofLexiqueStratigraphiqueInternationalappeared.FromaSwedishpointofview,theCongresscompelledSwedishgeologiststocarryoutaninventoryoftheresultsofSwedishgeologicalr
简介:ThehugewinterstormofDecember23–29,2015deliveredheavyrainfallinabroadswathacrosstheUSA,delugingEast-CentralMissouri.Recordhighriverlevelsweresetatmanysites,butdamagesweremostpronouncedindevelopedfloodplainareas,particularlywherehighleveeswerebuiltorriverchannelsgreatlynarrowed.Anaverageof20cmofrainthatmostlyfellinthreedaysimpactedtheentire10300km2MeramecBasin.Comparedtothepriorrecordfloodof1982,thehighestrelativestage(+1.3m)onMeramecRiveroccurredatValleyParkproximalto(1)anewlevee,(2)alandfillinthefloodway,(3)largefloodplainconstructionfills,and(4)tributarycreekbasinsimpactedbysuburbansprawl.Eventhoughonlyasmallfractionofthe1.8millionkm2MississippiRiverwatershedaboveSt.Louisreceivedextraordinaryrainfallduringthisevent,thehugechannelizedrivernearandbelowSt.Louisrapidlyrosetosetthe3rd-highesttothehigheststagesever,exhibitingtheflashyresponsetypicalofamuchsmallerriver.