简介：GA-hardnessandinterdependencebetweengenesinthechromosomeareimportantquestionsinthestudyofgeneticalgorithms(GA).Traditionalmethods,whichareusedtomeasuretheinteractionbetweengenes,canonlyreflecttheextentofepistasisbetweenallgenesinthechromosome.Therefore,thedefinitionofthefitnesslandscapeofschemataisproposedinthispaper,andepistasismeasuresonthislandscapeofschemataareusedtoanalyzethedegreeofinterdependencebetweensomecertaingenelociinstudy.Someinformationbetweenthesesitescanbereflectedbysomecharactersofthefitnesslandscapeofschematawhicharecomposedofthesefixedsites.Thestrongertheinteractionbetweenthesesites,thelargerthevariationofthefitnessofschematawhosefixedsitescorrespondtothosesitesinstudy,andthemoreruggedthefitnesslandscapeoftheseschemata.Accordingtothedegreeofinteractionbetweenthesegivengeneloci,buildingblocksofGAcanbeanalyzedanddetermined,andfurthergeneticoperatorsandthestructureofGAcanbedesignedandadjustedtoimprovetheperformanceofGA.Atlast,alotofexperimentsincludingNK-modelsaredone,andresultsofempiricalanalysisshowthatthismethodiseffective.

简介：Sincethecarbohydratecontentaffectspearflavorduringtheprocessofgrowth,itisnecessarytodeterminethesugarcomponentsthataccumulateinthefruit.Weanalyzedthefruitcarbohydratecontent,andthegeneexpressionandactivityofacidinvertase(AI),neutralinvertase(NI),sucrosesynthase(SS),andsucrosephosphatesynthase(SPS)duringthedevelopmentof“Huangguan”and“Yali”pears.Theresultsdemonstratethatduringdevelopment,thefruitsugarmetabolismofthe“Huangguan”pearfollowsatypicalsorbitol–starch-solublesugarsmiddlemodel,whereasthe“Yali”pearfruitfollowsatypicalsorbitol–sucrose–starch-solublesugarsmiddlemodel.Inthe“Huangguan”pear,wefoundtheAIandNIgeneexpressions,aswellasAI(P<0.05)andNI(P<0.01)enzymeactivities,tobepositivelycorrelated,whereaswefoundtheNIgeneexpressionandNIenzymeactivityof“Yali”peartobenegativelycorrelated(P<0.01).Weobservedthehighlevelsoflate-stageAIandearly-stageSSduringdevelopmenttoroughlycorrespondwiththegeneexpressionfoundinthelateandearlystages,respectively,suggestingtheirpotentialregulatoryrolesin“Huangguan”pearfruitdevelopment.OurresultsindicatethattheprimaryfunctionofSPSduringtheearlydevelopmentalstageistoaccumulatesucrose,whereastheprimaryfunctionofAIistopromotehexoseaccumulationduringthelatedevelopmentalstageofmature“Yali”pearfruit.