简介：BaliActionPlanprovisionsacknowledgethefactthatdevelopingcountriesarealreadymakingeffortstoreduceemissionsandmovetowardsalowcarbonpathway.TheCopenhagenAccordmentions"Nationallyappropriatemitigationactionsseekinginternationalsupportwillberecordedinaregistryalongwithrelevanttechnology,financeandcapacitybuildingsupport.Thephrase"measurable,reportableandverifiable"wascriticaltotheagreement,andthewayinwhichtheconceptofMRVisreflectedinthepost-2012agreementwillhavesignificantimplicationsfortheeffectivenessofthatagreementforstakeholdersinbothdevelopinganddevelopedcountries.Itisworthlookingforcurrentexamplesofdevelopingcountryprogramsthatcanbemeasured,reportedandverifiedandexamininghowcountriesthemselvescurrentlyundertakemitigationpoliciesandmeasures.ManyofChina’sdomesticpolicieshavebeenineffectforseveralyearsandthusprovideempiricalevidenceforhowsuchprogramscanworkontheground.ThispaperwillhighlighthowMRViscurrentlyapplieddomesticallyinChinaandwillnotmakeanyspecificproposalsfornegotiators;itonlyseekstoinforminternationaldiscussiononhowMRVmightbeappliedinpractice,andthereforewhatprovisionsmightberequiredinaUNFCCCclimateagreement.

简介：AccordingtothelogicprocessofcarbonreductioninChinawhicharisesfromthemeasurementtoreduction,fromreductiontooffsetting,themeasurementofcarbonemissioninthetourismindustrywasthefirstandkeystep.Basedonthelifecycleassessmenttheoryandinput-outputanalysis,thisarticleusedeconomicandenvironmentalmeasurementtechnologies,TheSystemofNationalAccounting(SNA),TourismSatelliteAccount(TSA),SystemofIntegratedEnvironmentandEconomicAccounting(SEEA),andsoon,andbuiltupatop-downcarbonemissionanalysisframeworkforthetourismindustryandestimatedcarbonemissionofthetourismindustryinChinain2007.ThefindingshowedthatthetotalcarbonemissionofthetourismindustryinChinain2007was169.78milliontons,covering2.71%ofcarbonemissionofallindustriesinChinain2007,and2.44%ofthetotalcarbonemissioninChinain2007.ThedirectcarbonemissionofthetourismindustryinChinain2007was73.56milliontons,includingtransportation(50.14milliontons),sightseeing(1.33milliontons),lodging(4.19milliontons),accommodation(4.73milliontons),shopping(8.14milliontons),entertainment(0.67milliontons),communication(0.45milliontons),andothers(3.90milliontons).TheindirectcarbonemissionofthetourismindustryinChinain2007was96.23milliontons,mostlycontributedbycoking,gas,andpetroleumprocessingindustries,transportationandwarehousingindustry,machineryandequipmentmanufacturingindustry,andfoodmanufacturingandtobaccoprocessingindustry,whichcovered57%.

简介：Themeasurement,reporting,andverification(MRV)ofclimatefinancewasoriginatedfromdiscussionsundertheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC).Ithasbeenoneofthekeyissuesofglobalclimatenegotiationssince2009andwillcontinuetobeofsignificantimportanceinaddressingclimatechangeandstrengtheninginternationaltrust.Thispaperanalysestheconcept,theobjective,andtheprogressoftheMRVofclimatefinancebasedonreviewsofthelatestliteratureandthink-tankreportsregardingclimatefinanceregimeandMRV.Followingtheanalysis,challengesfacedwiththeMRVofclimatefinanceareillustrated.Thispaperpresentsthatthecomparabilityofclimatefinancedataneedstobeimprovedduetothevarietyofmethodologiesusedfordisaggregatingclimatefinance.Inaddition,theintegralityoftheMRVsystemofclimatefinancehasbeenimpairedbythelackoffeedbackmechanismfromtherecipientstothecontributorsinreportingsystem.Furthermore,althoughaccountingsystemofclimatefinancehasbeendevelopingandimproving,itremainsincapacityinprovidingaccuratedataondisbursedclimatefinance.Respondingtotheabovechallenges,thispaperproposesthekeytasksinestablishingacomprehensiveMRVsystemforclimatefinanceatinternationallevel.Thetasksinvolvedevelopingameasurementsystemwithconsistentdatabasisandaccountingbasis,areportingsystemwithmoredetailedguidanceandstandardizedformats,aswellasaverificationmechanismbalancingtop-downandbottom-upreviewprocesses.Inthelastsection,thispaperconcludesthattheestablishmentofanimprovedMRVofclimatefinancerequiresconcertedcooperationandnegotiationsbetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountryPartiesundertheUNFCCC.AsoneofthefewdevelopingcountrydonorstotheGlobalEnvironmentalFacility(GEF),Chinaissuggestedtoclarifyitspropositionsasadevelopingcountryinaspectssuchasconcept,coverage,andarchitectureofclimatefinanceandMRVsystem,andgainbargai

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