简介：Collectedbymeansofahigh-altitudescientificballoonandaself-madeautomaticsamplecollector,atotalof276dustgrainswereselectedforthestudyofshape,grainsizeandopticalproperty.SomeofthegrainswereexaminedbyX-raydiffractionandelectrommicroprobetechniques,Thestratosphericdustgrainscanbeclassifiedas6types:cosmicdusts,cosmicdusts(?),microtektite,naturalpollutants,artificialpollutantsandtheunknownsubstances.Thedifferenttypesofdustgrainshavedifferentcharactersanddistinguishingsymbols.Widespreadinthespaceofthesolarsystem,cosmicdustsaretheinitialsubstancesofthesolarsystemand,tosomedegree,haverecordedagreatwealthofinformationontheearlyhistoryofthesolarsystem.Sotheyhavebecomeoneoftheimportantobjectsinthefieldofcosmochemistryatpresenttime,Sincethe1960's,scholarsofmanycountrieshavecollectedcosmicdustsbothinthespaceneartheearth(usingrockets,spaceprobesandspaceshuttles)andinthestratosphere(usinghigh-altitudeballoonsorU-2airplanes).Accordingtotheshape(thescanningelectronmicroimage),elementcomposition(theenergy-dispersiveX-rayspectrum)andopticalpropertiesofdustgrains,thesubstancesinthestratospherecanbeclassifiedas5types:cosmicdusts,aluminaspheroids,terrestrialartificialpollutants,terrestrialnaturalpollutantsandunknownsubstances(CDPET,1982).

简介：被动tracer的概率分布函数(PDF)，由“一个吝啬的坡度”强迫了，被学习。首先，我们采取二条理论途径，Lagrangian和有条件的闭合形式体系，到学习如此的外部地强迫的被动示踪物的PDF。然后，我们在一个范围上并且为测试吝啬坡度的模型是否能被用于学习在中间的纬度混合的同温层的tracer的同温层的风遨游的中等范围的天气预报(ECMWF)的欧洲中心为理想化的随机的流动执行数字模拟地区，在哪个，并且是否一弱并且杆病房带平均数的坡度被示踪物漏通过极、热带的混合障碍维持在中间的纬度的示踪物变化的PDF与理论预言一致。数字模拟证明当散开的驱散被吝啬坡度的强迫平衡时，在随机的PDF流动，在ECMWF风中的南部半球的PDF显示出时间不变的指数的尾巴，与理论预言一致。在北半球，PDF展出non-Gaussian尾巴。然而，PDF尾巴不与理论期望一致。强迫的示踪物的PDF尾巴的长期的行为与腐烂的tracer的相比。腐烂的示踪物的PDF尾巴是时间依赖者，这被发现，并且演变向恭维比指数。

简介：TheuniquegeographicallocationandhighaltitudeoftheTibetanPlateaucangreatlyinfluenceregionalweatherandclimate.Inparticular,theAsiansummermonsoon(ASM)anticyclonecirculationsystemovertheTibetanPlateauisrecognizedtobeasignificanttransportpathwayforwatervaporandpollutantstoenterthestratosphere.Toimproveunderstandingofthesephysicalprocesses,amulti-locationjointatmosphericexperimentwasperformedovertheTibetanPlateaufromlateJulytoAugustin2018,fundedbythefiveyear(2018–2022)STEAM(stratosphereandtroposphereexchangeexperimentduringASM)project,duringwhichmultipleplatforms/instruments—includinglong-durationstratosphericballoons,dropsondes,unmannedaerialvehicles,specialsoundingsystems,andground-basedandsatellite-borneinstruments—willbedeployed.Thesecomplementarymethodsofdataacquisitionareexpectedtoprovidecomprehensiveatmosphericparameters(aerosol,ozone,watervapor,CO2,CH4,CO,temperature,pressure,turbulence,radiation,lightningandwind);therichnessofthisapproachisexpectedtoadvanceourcomprehensionofkeymechanismsassociatedwiththermal,dynamical,radiative,andchemicaltransportsovertheTibetanPlateauduringASMactivity.

简介：TheharmonicanalysesofmonthlymeantotalozoneintheatmosphereovertheNorthernHemispherefor26years(1960-1985)aremadebyusingtheFourierexpansion.Theanalysedresultsshowthatthereisobviouslyaquasi-biennialoscillation(QBO)intheinterannualvariationsoftheamplitudesoftotalozone.Generally,theamplitudesofwavenumber1and2duringthewesterlyoftheequatorialQBOarelargerthanthoseduringtheeasterly.Intheearlywinter,theamplitudeofwavenumber1duringtheeasterlyphaseislarger,andinthelatewinter,itislargerduringthewesterlyphase.Theseareingoodagreementwiththeobservationaldistributions.

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