简介：Thispapersummarizesthedesignequationsforlocalscourdeptharoundbridgeabutmentsasproposedbydifferentinvestigators,andalsothedifferentfactors,affectingthescourdepth.Methodsfortheestimationoflocalscourdepthbasedondimensionalanalysisarealsopresented.Thedesignmethodsbasedonempiricalrelationssuchasflowdepth,flowintensity,sedimentcharacteristics,abutmentsshapeandsize,alignment,andapproachchannelgeometryarealsodiscussed.Sinceclear-waterscouristhemaximumscourdepth,theequationforclear-waterscourisrecommendedforthecomputationoflocalscourdeptharoundbridgeabutmentsforuniformlyandnon-uniformlygradedsediments.

简介：在这，纸试验性的学习导致在上搜索并且流动在在90度隧道拐弯的一个T形状刺激堤附近的地被介绍。实验在一条实验室隧道被进行在一个清楚的水条件下面测量床地形学的变化。三个维的流动领域被声学的Doppler速度计由于一个T形状刺激堤在一个scour洞里测量。它被增加弗鲁德数字和一些刺激堤发现那数量搜索增加。增加刺激堤的翅膀长度减少scour。数量搜索在刺激堤在上游更同样比作那在刺激堤下游。由增加刺激堤的翅膀长度，流动分离的地区膨胀。作为结果，旋涡的尺寸增加。流动地的细节也在纸被探讨。

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简介：Ｔｈｉｓｂｉｂｌｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙｏｎｐｉｅｒｓｃｏｕｒｉｎｇｃｏｖｅｒｓａｐｅｒｉｏｄｆｒｏｍ１８７３ｔｏ１９９６ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｏｖｅｒ３００ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ．Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｅｍｐｈａｓｉｓｉｎｔｈｉｓｂｉｂｌｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙｉｓｏｎｐｉｅｒｓｃｏｕｒｉｎｇａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｏｆｓｃｏｕｒ，ｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓａｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇｓｃｏｕｒ，ｔｉｍｅｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｓｃｏｕｒ，ｄｅｓｉｇｎｆｏｒｍｕｌａｓ，ｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇａｎｄｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｗｏｒｋｓ；ｃｏｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｒｙｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｎｈｏｒｓｅｓｈｏｅｖｏｒｔｅｘａｔｐｉｅｒｓｏｒｃｙｌｉｎｄｅｒｓａｒｅａｌｓｏｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ

简介：Thispaperpresentsalaboratorystudyonbridgepierprotectionwithsurfaceguidepanels(SGP)inclear-waterexperiments.TheSGPisinstalledbypiercingasetoftwoverticalpanelspartiallyintothewater,withsomeinteriorangleandleadingopening,settingatadistanceaheadoftheprotectedpier.ThesuitableinstallationoftheSGPcaneffectivelyadjusttheflowpatterntoreducethedownflowmotionandthehorseshoevortexaheadofthepier.WeconsidersomedominantfactorstosetupSGPforpierprotection,includingtheinteriorangleθ,leadingopeningOw,distancebetweenpanelandpierL,submergeddepthofpanelPd,pierdiameterDandwaterdepthH.Afterevaluationoftheseparametersthroughlaboratorytests,theoptimalsetupconditionsofθ=60o,Ow/D=0.1～0.2,L/D=2～2.5andPd/H=0.7aredetermined.Undertheseconditions,theusageofSGPleadstoabestperformanceondecrementofthemaximumscourdepthatpierupto90%withignorablesideeffectsontheSGPscour.

简介：Tomitigatescouraroundbridgepiers,sacrificialpilesareeconomicmethodwherenaturalprocessesareinvolved.Thearrangementshouldbesuchthatscouredmaterialsfromthesacrificialpilesshouldhaveenoughvolumetofillthescourholecreatedupstreamofthepierinsuchawaythatsedimentsaretrappedinsidethescourhole.Thisconceptdiffersfromearlierstudymadewithsacrificialpilesthatmainlydealstoreducethestrengthofhorseshoevortex.Todeterminetheeffectofsacrificialpilesforscourmitigation,alternativearrangementsofpilesweretestedinfrontofarectangularpierunderclear-waterconditionandfoundthatwhenthegroupofpilesisplacedatadistanceoftwicetheprojectedwidthofthepier,forwhichpercentageofblockageofthepierwidthis60%,thescourvolumecanbereducedupto61%whilethemaximumscourdepthcanbereducedupto50%.

简介：Thispaperstudiesthecouplingeffectofthepipelinevibrationontheseabedscour.Averticaltwodimensionalmodelisappliedtonumericallyinvestigatethelocalscourbelowavibratingpipelinewithdifferentamplitudesandperiods.Usingthescourunderneathafixedpipelineasareference,thispaperfocusesontheimpactofthepipelinevibrationontheequilibriumscourdepth.Genericrelationshipsareestablishedbetweenthenon-dimensionalscourdepthandthenon-dimensionalvibratingparameters,i.e.,amplitudeandfrequency.Thenormalizationprocesstakesintoaccounttheinfluencesofsuchparametersastheincomingflowvelocity,pipediameter,andShieldsparameter.Anempiricalformulaisproposedtoquantifytheserelationships.

简介：Whenflowpassesoverafreeoverfallspillway,formsajet.Thisjetofflowwithahighvelocitymaycausescouratthedownstreamofspillway.Thescourholecharacteristicsisaffectedbyparameterslikedischargeintensity,dropheight,tailwaterdepth,sizeofbedmaterialandstandarddeviationofbedmaterial.Inthispaper,resultsofexperimentsonscourbelowfreeoverfallspillwayforuniformandnonuniformbedmaterialsarepresented.Itwasfoundthatscourholecharacteristics(i.e.maximumdepthofscour,distanceofmaximumscourpointfromspillway,widthofscourhole,distanceofendofscourholefromspillwayandheightofridgeformedatthedownstreamofscourhole)isafunctionofdensimetricFroudenumberandratioofdropheighttotailwaterdepth.Analysisofexperimentaldatawithuniformbedmaterialresultedinequationsforestimationofscourholecharacteristics.Furthercorrectionfactorswereintroducedinordertoconsidertheeffectofnon-uniformityofbedmaterial.

简介：Riverconfluences(RCs)areimportantfeatureswithinriversystemswherethethreedimensional(3D)flowstructuresandthedownstreammixingofflowscancausedeepscourholes.Despitethis,fewmethodshavebeenproposedtocontrolscouringatRCs.Inthisstudy,applicationofacollarwasexperimentallyexaminedforlocalscourcontrolatthepointwheretworiversflowtogether.Inparticular,experimentaltestsweredonewithandwithoutcollarapplicationatthreedifferentlocations.Theresultsrevealthatthescourdepthisdirectlyproportionaltothedischargeratio,i.e.theratiooflateraldischargetothatinthechanneldownstreamoftheconfluence,andthedensimetricFroudenumber(Frg).Inaddition,installationofacollaratRCscandecreasethescourdepthupto100%,thuscompletelyavoidingthescourprocess.TheresultsalsoshowthatbyincreasingtheFrgtheoptimalinstallationlocationforacollarchangesandmovestowardstheriverbedlevel.Usingacollarcanalsoreducetheheightofthepointbarformeddownstreamoftheconfluence.Theoutcomesofthestudyallowderivationofanequationforpredictingscourdepthwhenacollarisappliedasacountermeasure.TheanalysisofthisequationshowsthattheestimatesaremostlyaffectedbytheFrg.

简介：Localscourmayoccurwhenahydraulicstructureispositionedinachannelwithanerodiblebed.Herewithinvestigatedexperimentallyaretheerosionandflowpatternduetoawaterjetpassingoverachannelbedattheasymptotic(final)state.Thedevelopmentofthescourhole,itsmaximumscourdepthandlength,arerecordedandcomparedwithavailablescour-depthrelations.Twosetsofexperiments(seeTable1)werecarriedout.Set1(3runs)wasconcernedwithmeasuringtheverticalinstantaneousvelocitydistributioninthescourhole.Thescourholeattheasymptotic(final)state,t≈100[h]wasinvestigated.Set2(5runs)wasconcernedwithstudyingthephysicsofscouring.Thescourholeataboutmid-state,t≈0.5[h],wasinvestigated;subsequentlythescour-holedepthwaslinearlyextendedonthesemi-logscaleto72[h];novelocitymeasurementswereperformed.Thepresentdataareputincontextwithsome(popular)existingrelations;recommendedisamodificationofsomeoftheserelations.

简介：Aformulaforthecomputationsoflocalscourdepthattheheadofspursisderivedaccordingtotheequilibriumprincipleofincipientmotionofsedimentparticle.Theproposedformulaisverifiedwithlaboratorydataandfieldmeasurements.Inthederivationofthisformula,twodifferentscourresistanceforces,thecohesiveforceandthegravitationalforce,areconsidered,andtheintegratedcoefficientiscalibratedusingdatafromtheLowerYellowRiver.

简介：Bridgepressureflowscouratclearwaterthresholdconditionisstudiedtheoreticallyandexperimentally.Theflumeexperimentsrevealthatthemeasuredscourprofilesunderabridgearemoreorless2-dimensional;allthemeasuredscourprofilescanbedescribedbytwosimilarityequations,wherethehorizontaldistanceisscaledbythedeckwidthwhilethelocalscourbythemaximumscourdepth;themaximumscourpositionislocatedjustunderthebridgeabout15%deckwidthfromthedownstreamdeckedge;thescourbeginsataboutonedeckwidthupstreamthebridgewhilethedepositionoccursatabout2.5deckwidthsdownstreamthebridge;andthemaximumscourdepthdecreaseswithincreas-ingsedimentsize,butincreaseswithdeckinundation.Thetheoreticalanalysisshowsthat:bridgescourcanbedividedintothreecases,i.e.downstreamunsubmerged,partiallysubmerged,andtotallysubmerged.Fordownstreamunsubmergedflows,themaximumbridgescourdepthisanopen-channelproblemwheretheconventionalmethodsintermsofcriticalvelocityorbedshearstresscanbeapplied;forpartiallyandtotallysubmergedflows,theequilibriummaximumscourdepthcanbedescribedbyascourandaninundationsimilaritynumber,whichhasbeenconfirmedbyexperimentswithtwodecksandtwosedimentsizes.Forapplication,adesignandfieldevaluationprocedurewithexamplesispresented,includingthemaximumscourdepthandscourprofile.

简介：刺激堤是在河训练的一个重要元素那在流动地，沉积运输和床地形学里创造快速的变化。在隧道拐弯的流动和沉积运输的机制是很复杂的，特别当一个刺激堤在拐弯被构造时。大多数流动行为上的以前的调查并且在刺激堤附近搜索在直隧道被执行。在流动的实验的结果在90度隧道在一个刺激堤附近回答并且搜索的这份报纸弯曲被介绍。有一致谷物尺寸的沙被用作床材料。实验与分泌物的不同价值在拐弯为不同地点和刺激堤的不同长度被进行。在一个刺激堤附近的三块维的流动地被调查。最大的深度搜索在拐弯被相关到弗鲁德数字，长度和刺激堤的地点。

简介：Ｔｈｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｐｉｅｒｓｃｏｕｒｉｎｇｈａｓｂｅｅｎｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｂｙｍａｎｙｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｏｒｓｄｕｅｔｏｉｔｓｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅｉｎｂｒｉｄｇｅｐｉｅｒｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｄｅｓｉｇｎ．Ａｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌｒｅｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｕｐｔｏｄａｔｅｗｏｒｋｏｎｐｉｅｒｓｃｏｕｒｉｎｇｈａｓｂｅｅｎｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｈｉｇｈｌｉｇｈｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｃｏｕｒｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ，ｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓａｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇｓｃｏｕｒ，ｔｉｍｅｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｓｃｏｕｒ，ｓｃｏｕｒｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｍｕｌａｓａｎｄｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｗｏｒｋｓ

简介：大木质的碎片(LWD)减少流动区域，背离流动和增加在桥墩的通讯的速度，因此增加最大值搜索洞深度并且加速沉积移动。在桥墩上积累的木头和飘移具有不同尺寸。根据木头特征和河形态学，飘移累积也能下游地扩大桥墩或他们能积累完全在上游。这份报纸试图在桥牌上分析飘移累积测面积池的效果墩搜索。试验性的调查在土木工程部门的PITLAB水力的中心被执行了，比萨的大学，意大利。飘移累积被不同相对纵的长度，流动区域吸藏，一些纵的飘移和下游的planimetrical位置相对墩中心描绘。试验性的调查处于清楚水的条件被执行了。几种墩尺寸，隧道宽度和沉积材料被测试了。最大在累积与最大值相比的飘移的存在搜索洞为孤立的墩搜索洞。最后，数据与以前的文学调查结果相比，它在桥牌上加亮飘移累积的下游的延期的效果墩搜索。新关系被建议了在桥码头上预言飘移累积的效果搜索，两个以相对最大值搜索并且时间搜索进化。

简介：ResearchersinthepasthadnoticedthatapplicationofArtificialNeuralNetworks(ANN)inplaceofconventionalstatisticsonthebasisofdataminingtechniquespredictsmoreaccurateresultsinhydraulicpredictions.MostlytheseworkspertainedtoapplicationsofANN.Recently,anothertoolofsoftcomputing,namely,GeneticProgramming(GP)hascaughttheattentionofresearchersincivilengineeringcomputing.ThisarticleexaminestheusefulnessoftheGPbasedapproachtopredicttherelativescourdepthdownstreamofacommontypeofski-jumpbucketspillway.ActualfieldmeasurementswereusedtodeveloptheGPmodel.TheGPbasedestimationswerefoundtobeequallyandmoreaccuratethantheANNbasedones,especially,whentheunderlyingcause-effectrelationshipbecamemoreuncertaintomodel.

简介：Sincelocalscouratbridgepiersinriversandestuariesisamajorcauseofbridgefailure,estimationofthemaximumlocalscourdepthisofgreatimportancetohydraulicandcoastalengineers.Althoughnumerousstudiesthatfocusonscour-depthpredictionhavebeendoneandpublished,understandingoftheflowandturbulencecharacteristicsofthehorseshoevortexthatdrivesthescourmechanisminadevelopingscourholestillisimmature.Thisstudyaimstoquantifythedetailedturbulentflowfieldinadevelopingclear-waterscourholeatacircularpierusingParticleImageVelocimetry(PIV).Thedistributionsofvelocityfields,turbulenceintensities,andReynoldsshearstressesofthehorseshoevortexthatforminfrontofthepieratdifferentscourstages(t=0,0.5,1,12,24,and48h)arepresentedinthispaper.Duringscourdevelopment,thehorseshoevortexsystemwasfoundtoevolvefromoneinitiallysmallvortextothreevortices.Thestrengthandsizeofthemainvortexarefoundtoincreasewithincreasingscourdepth.TheregionsofboththemaximumturbulenceintensityandReynoldsshearstressarefoundtoformatalocationupstreamofthemainvortex,wherethelargeturbulenteddieshavethehighestpossibilityofoccurrence.Resultsfromthisstudynotonlyprovidenewinsightintothecomplexflow-sedimentinteractionatbridgepiers,butalsoprovidevaluableexperimentaldatabasesforadvancednumericalsimulations.

简介：各种各样的方法被建议到在桥墩附近搜索的控制。在现在的学习，独自一个的在和在和领子的联合的申请试验性地被检验为在圆柱的桥墩附近搜索控制。测试与七种在尺寸并且与领子的二种不同尺寸被进行。实验方程有或没有领子保护为墩的二格为稳定的在直径被开发。在层的程度也为这二格被介绍。结果在b/dR=7.5的范围显示出那(在b是的地方，墩直径和医生是在尺寸)使用一个领子减少了稳定的在尺寸。使用领子在前面减少了在层延期，这也被结束并且墩站在一起。

简介：Inordertoexaminetheeffectivenessofengineeringprotectionagainstlocalizedscourinfrontofthesouthgroin-groupoftheYangtzeEstuaryWaterwayImprovementProject,PhaseI,anundistort-edphysicalmodelonageometricscaleof1:250isbuiltinthisstudy,coveringtwogroinsandtheiradacentestuarineareas.Byuseofrinsingfix-bedmodelaswellaslocalizedmobile-bedmodel,theexperimentisundertakenunderbi-directionalsteadyflow.Accordingtotheexperimentalresults,waterwaydredgingleadstotheincreaseinsteramvelocity,theincreasebeinglargerduringtheebbthanduringtheflood.Con-structionoftheupstreamgroinhassomeinfluenceontheflowpatternsnearthedownstreamgroin.Local-izedscourinfrontofthegroin-headsiscontrolledmainlybyebbflow.Inthecaseofariverbedcomposedentirelyofsilt,thedepthsoflocalizedscourinfrontofthetwogroin-headsare27mand29m,respectively.Inreality,theunderneathsedimentoftheprototyperiverbedisclaywhosethresholdve