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简介：Threegenericformsofgovernance--hierarchy,hybridandmarketareproposedinthenewinstitutionaleconomics,givinganabstractdescriptionofalternativecoordinationandcontrolmechanismsforgeneraluse.Whilethistheoryisknownasfarawayfrombeingoperationalandspecified,afewresearchersinthemanagementandorganizationareaaretryingtoextendGalbraithand/orMintzberg'sorganizationaldesigntheoriesintotheapplicationoflogisticalcoordinationforobtainingasmoothflowofproductsalongthesupplychainwithinandwithoutthefocalorganization.Inthispaper,wepresentanexplorativecasestudyonthedesignofvariousorganizationalarchitecturesoflogisticsactivitiesandtheirrelevantcoordinationmechanisms,especiallyinternalandexternalcontractsasonenewkindofhybridmechanismsforcoordinatingeffectivesupplychains.

简介：<正>Inthelate1930’sAmericansdevelopedtheirfirstcomprehensivelawofbankruptcyreorganization.Inlargercases,thatlawprovidedfortheappointmentofatrusteeandseizureofcontrolofthebusinessfromthebusiness’spriorcontrolgroup.In1978,thatwasallchanged;theprototypeintheUnitedStatesnowleavesthe"debtorinpossession"chargedwithoperatingthebusinessforthebenefitofthebusiness’screditors.Inthisandmanyotherways,America’slawdifferssubstantiallyfromChina’srelatively-newbankruptcylaw.ThisarticlebrieflylooksatsomeofthestrongerdifferencesbetweenthetwosystemsandgivessomebackgroundtohowandwhytheAmericansystemevolvedfromtheoldermodeltothenewerone.WhilewemighteasilyidentifymanyfundamentaldifferencesbetweentheAmericanandChinesesystems,drawingnormativepolicyrecommendationsfromthosedifferencesisamuchmorechallengingtask.Onemight,ofcourse,betemptedtodosoanyway.Butthedifferingcultural,legal,andeconomiccontextswithinwhichbankruptcyreorganizationexistssuggeststhatonesotemptedshouldproceedverycautiouslyand,perhaps,withanextrameasureofmodestyaswell.

简介：Thehouseholds—intheSierraNorteregionoftheStateofOaxaca,Mexico—havecombinedtheself-consumptionofstaplecrops(cornandbeans)withthecommercialproductionofcoffeeandsugarcaneonasmallscale.Until2014coffeeincomeaccountedformostofthehouseholdincomebudgetandthefollowingyeartherustepidemicsignificantlyreducedcoffeeproduction.In2017,aconsiderabledecreaseincoffeeincomewasdetected,althoughtheproducerhouseholdscontinuedinvestinginthiscrop,atthesametime,theylookedforcomplementarysourcesofincome.Thus,householdsassignedmoremanpowertothelabormarkets,andinvestedinsmallbusinesses,includingtheproductivechainofsugarcane.Migrationstandsoutasageneralstrategytoincreasethefamilybudget.Thedecisionanalysiswascarriedbymeansofthehouseholdeconomicsmodel(Reyes-Morales,Gijón-Cruz,&Cruz-Hernández,2015).Thedatabasesofaprobabilistichouseholdsurveyappliedin2014and2017wereusedtoconstructthemodelequationsbyordinaryleastsquares.Thismodelallowsdistinguishingbetweenthefractionofthehouseholdincomecontributingtohouseholdwellbeingandthatfractionallocatedforinvestmentandsavings.

简介：Concerningthetheoreticalestimationofinternalreorganizationenergycontributedbythetortionalmotionbetweenbiphenylandbiphenylanionradical,directcalculationofself-exchangeelectrontransferreactionwasinvestigated.Withtheintroductionofaproperaveragebondlengthandangleparameters,amultiplesteprelaxationNelsonmethodwasdevelopedtodealwiththetorsionalreorganizationenergyλt.pwithanapproximationofλt,1wasachieved.Theresultsof0.140and0.125eVoftorsionalreorganizationenergyforacross-reactionatthelevelsof4-31GandHP/DZP,respectively,areingoodagreenmentwiththevalueof0.13eVobtainedbyMilleretal.fromtheratemeasurements.ThisimpliestheefficiencyandvalidityofoourmethodtoestimatethereorganizationenergycontributedbypuretorisonalmotionofBp.

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