学科分类
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18 个结果
  • 简介:CD4T助手(Th)房间在适应有免疫力的回答起关键作用。他们包括B房间,CD8T房间,巨噬细胞,桅杆房间,neutrophils,嗜曙红血球和basophils招募并且激活另外的有免疫力的房间。基于他们的功能,他们cytokine分泌物的模式和他们特定的抄写因素的表示,Th房间,区分开来与na?veCD4T房间,被分类进四个主要的系,Th1,Th2,Th17和T规章(Treg)房间,尽管另外的Th系可以存在。一样的系的子集可以表示不同受动器cytokines,在不同地点住或而从不同的系的房间可以分泌普通cytokines,产生有不同命运的房间,导致Th房间人口的巨大的异质,例如IL-2,IL-9和IL-10。另外,cytokine分泌物的模式可以在某些情形下面向另外一个从一个系的切换,建议Th房间是塑料的。Tregs比原来是思维的也更异构、塑料。在这评论,我们在Th房间的异质和粘性上总结最近的报告,并且讨论如此的特征的潜在的机制和Th房间显示的含意。

  • 标签: 助细胞 可塑性 异质性 调节性T细胞 中性粒细胞 细胞因子
  • 作者: Zhao Jia-Cong Deng Kai
  • 学科: 医药卫生 >
  • 创建时间:2021-01-17
  • 出处:《中华医学杂志(英文版)》 2020年第23期
  • 机构:Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, Chi
  • 简介:AbstractAntiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively inhibit human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication, but is not curative due to the existence of a stable viral latent reservoir harboring replication-competent proviruses. In order to reduce or eliminate the HIV-1 latent reservoir, characteristics of the latently infected cells need to be intensively studied, and a comprehensive understanding of the heterogenous nature of the latent reservoir will be critical to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we discuss the different cell types and mechanisms contributing to the complexity and heterogeneity of HIV-1 latent reservoirs, and summarize the key challenges to the development of cure strategies for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

  • 标签: Clonal expansion Heterogeneity human immunodeficiency virus-1 HIV-1 Integration sites Latent reservoirs
  • 简介:Withtheexplicitconsiderationofuserheterogeneity,i.e.,eachuserhasadifferentvalueoftime(VOT),thispaperexaminesthesystemefficiencyandsocialequityoftollrevenueredistributioninabi-modetransportationsystem.Threeschemesofdistributingtheroadtollrevenueareproposed,whichrespectivelyconsiderefficiency,equity,aswellasefficiencyandequitytogether.Withmildassumptions,weprovethatthenumberofauto-motoristsdecreasesandthetotalsocialcostincreaseswithtransitsubsidysharewhenonlymarginaloperatingcostofthetransitiscoveredbyitsfare.However,whenaveragefixedcostofthetransitisfurthercovered,thetotalsocialcostisa'U'shapecurveagainstthetransitsubsidyshare.Numericalresultsshowthatthewelldesignedtollrevenueredistributionschemescanmakethesystemmoreequitablewhilekeepinghighefficiency.Withtheincreaseofuserheterogeneity,theGinicoefficientbecomeslargerwhilethetotalsocialcostgoesdown.

  • 标签: 通行费 异质性 再分配 用户 收入 交通系统
  • 简介:Tworocksampleswithdifferentstructuresandmaterialsweredeformedunderabiaxialloadingsystem,andmulti-pointstrainmeasurementswereperformedforeachsample.ThedistributionofstrainanomaliesduringthedeformationandtheinstabilityprocesswereanalyzedbyusingCvvalueputforwardbyWANGXiao-qingandCHENXue-zhong,etal,aparametertodescribetheheterogeneousdistributionofearthquakeprecursors,soastoexaminethemethodofCvvalueandtoexploreitsphysicalmeaningexperimentally.TheresultshowsthatthechangeofCvvalueiscorrelatedtothechangeofdeformationcharacteristicsandisaneffectiveparametertodescribetheheterogeneityofprecursordistribution.Cvvalueincreasesfirstlyandthendecreasesbeforetheinstability,andtheinstabilityoccurswhenCvvaluedecreasestothelevelbeforeincreasing.ThisindicatesthatCvvaluemaybeausefulparameterforearthquakeprediction.

  • 标签: rock mechanical experiment STRAIN field EARTHQUAKE
  • 简介:Ecologicalproductsbelongtopublicproducts.Accordingtothecharacteristicheterogeneityofpublicproducts,theycanbeclassifiedintopurepublicproductsandquasi-publicproductsincluding'common-poolgoods','clubgoods'and'conditionedgoods'.Guidedbythetheoryofpublicproductssupplyandbasedonnationalconditions,thispaperthinksthatanecologicalproductsupplymodelshouldbeformed,whichisledbythegovernmentandcoordinatedallocationofpublicresourcesbetweenthegovernmentandthemarketinChina.Someofthepurepublicgoodsaresuppliedbythegovernmentbythewayof'environmentalregulation+propertyrightsmarket'andecologicalcompensation;someofthequasi-publicgoodsaresuppliedbythemarketbythewayoffranchisingandecologicalpurchasing.

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  • 简介:Increasedabdominalimaginghasledtoanincreaseinthedetectionoftheincidentalsmallrenalmass(SRM).WithincreasingrecognitionthatthemalignantpotentialofSRMsisheterogeneous,rangingfrombenign(15%-20%)toaggressive(20%),enthusiasmformoreconservativemanagementstrategiesintheelderlyandinfirmed,suchasactivesurveillance(AS),havegrownconsiderably.AsthemanagementoftheSRMevolvestoincorporateablativetechniquesandASforlowriskdisease,theroleofrenalmassbiopsy(RMB)tohelpguideindividualizedtherapyisevolving.Historically,theroleofRMBwaslimitedtotheevaluationofsuspectedmetastaticdisease,renalabscess,orlymphoma.However,inthecontemporaryera,theroleofbiopsyhasgrown,mostnotablytoidentifypatientswhoharborbenignlesionsandforwhomtreatment,particularlytheelderlyorfrail,maybeavoided.WhenperformingaRMBtoguideinitialclinicaldecisionmakingforsmall,localizedtumors,themostrelevantquestionsareoftenrelegatedtoproofofmalignancyanddocumentation(ifpossible)ofgrade.However,significantintratumoralheterogeneityhasbeenidentifiedinclearcellrenalcellcarcinoma(ccRCC)thatmayleadtoanunderestimationofthegeneticcomplexityofatumorwhensingle-biopsyproceduresareused.HeterogeneousgenomiclandscapesandbranchedparallelevolutionofccRCCswithspatiallyseparatedsubclonescreatesanillusionofclonaldominancewhenassessedbysinglebiopsiesandraisesimportantquestionsregardinghowtumorscanbeoptimallysampledandwhetherfutureevolutionarytumorbranchesmightbepredictableandultimatelytargetable.Thisworkraisesprofoundquestionsconcerningthegeneticlandscapeofcancerandhowtumorheterogeneitymayaffect,andpossiblyconfound,targeteddiagnosticandtherapeuticinterventions.Inthisreview,wediscussthecurrentroleofRMB,theimplicationsoftumorheterogeneityondiagnosticaccuracy,andhighlightpromisingfuturedirections.

  • 标签: 异质性 活检 质量 审查 穿刺 可靠性
  • 简介:Intheanalysisofhowenvironmentalregulationaffectsthecomparativeadvantageoftrade,existingliteratureignoresindustry’sinherentheterogeneity,whichdrawsremarkablydifferentconclusions.Inviewofthis,thepaperanalyzedthemechanismofenvironmentalregulationontheexportqualityofdifferentindustriesfromtheperspectiveoffactorinputstructureheterogeneity.BasedonthepaneldataofChina’smanufacturingindustry,thepaperusedthesystemgeneralizedmethodofmomentsmethodtoexaminetheheterogeneityinfluenceofenvironmentalregulationonmanufacturingexportquality.Thestudyfoundthat,first,environmentalregulationaffectedtheexportqualityupgradeofthemanufacturingsectorthroughoffseteffectandcompensationeffect,andthedirectionoftheimpactwouldmainlydependontheindustry’sfactorinputstructure.Second,forindustrieswithlargerfixed-assetinvestment(FAI)ratiointhefactorinputstructure,thecurrentenvironmentalregulationpolicywasnotconducivetotheexportqualityupgradingoftheindustries.However,therewasasignificantU-shapeddynamicrelationshipbetweenthem.Asenvironmentalregulationsbecamestricter,whenregulatorystringencywentbeyondtheinflectionpoint,thepolicywouldpromotetheupgradingofexportquality.ButforindustrieswithsmallerproportionofFAI,environmentalregulationexertedafavorableimpactontheexportqualityupgrade,followingaJ-shapedmarginalgrowthcurve.Third,forindustrieswithdifferentfactorinputstructure,theirexportqualityhadbeeneffectivelyupgradedasexpectedbyfactorslikehumancapitalinvestment,independentR&D,technologyintroduction,andforeigndirectinvestment;butraisingpercapitacapitalstockandexpandingenterprisesizedidnotproducesignificantdirectimpactonexportqualityupgrade.Theseconclusionsremainedrobustafterusingdifferentmeasurementmethodsandreplacingwithothervariables.Therefore,thispapersuggeststhatgovernmentsshouldt

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  • 简介:植被盖子在土壤在水流动上有主要效果。二个地点,由大约50m的距离分开了,被选择确定hydrophysical参数和在出现在一个大雨追随者期间的沙的土壤的水流动的异质上的草盖子的影响一个长热的、干燥时期。有植被或有机物的有限影响的控制土壤(纯沙)被采样在一个森林中的空地区域下面在50厘米深度获得,并且草地土壤在10厘米被盖住由草的厚腐殖的层和colonised。水抵抗性的坚持用微型磁盘infiltrometer用水落下穿入时间测试,sorptivity和不饱和的水力的电导率被测量,并且浸透用双戒指infiltrometer的水力的电导率。染料tracer实验被用来估计水流动,和两个的异质为估计有效的生气的节的修改方法和为估计优先的流动的度的一个原来的方法被用来确定从染的土壤的图象的这异质介绍。大多数hydrophysical参数在二表面之间是实质地不同的。草地土壤有水抵抗性的一个索引大约10次纯沙和水抵抗性的坚持的乘纯沙的的几乎350。分别地,在草地土壤的水和乙醇sorptivities纯沙的那些是7%和43%。在草地土壤的水力的电导率和浸透的水力的传导性分别地是纯沙的5%那些和16%。染料tracer实验与“air-draining”揭示了稳定的流动在纯沙的状况和在草地土壤的开发得好的优先的流动,相应于单个草丛、小微消沉。草地土壤是实质地,更多流水讨厌、有3与纯沙相比预定优先的流动的度。这研究的结果增强我们在气候的任何变化的后果,将最终影响水文学,将在草地和赤裸的土壤之间是显著地不同的看法。

  • 标签: 沙质土壤 植被覆盖 水流量 异质性 水力传导率 草地土壤
  • 简介:SomeGeochemicalCharactersofKimberlitesinEasternNorthChinaPlatformandHeterogeneityofTheirSourcesZhengJianping;LuFengxiang;Wang...

  • 标签: KIMBERLITE source geochemistry depth fluid activity
  • 简介:为简洁的原因,最通常使用的水文学模型基于土壤保存服务曲线数字(SCS-CN)当模特儿,它可能是为中国的黄土高原上的流量的评价的一种好选择;然而,高空间的异质,主要在土壤类型由碎裂的地形和变化引起了,可以限制它的适用性到这个区域。因此,到一个小分水岭的SCS-CN模型的适用性,高原上的Liudaogou,被评估,在模型的最适当的起始的抽象比率(Ia/S)价值被反的方法确定。结果证明标准SCS-CN模型对在Liudaogou分水岭的流量的评价适用,模型表演根据相对错误和Nash-Sutcliffe效率的价值是可接受的。因为,为分水岭的最适当的Ia/S值是0.22与这修改Ia/S值,模型性能稍微被改进。当一个重降雨事件(50.1公里)没被考虑时,模型表演不对Ia/S价值的修正敏感,它暗示模型用标准Ia/S价值,因为很少超过50公里的单个降雨事件发生在那个区域,能为Liudaogou分水岭被推荐。流量数量由SCS-CN模型为Liudaogou分水岭预言了,用修改Ia/S价值,当降雨价值比50公里低时,与增加降雨逐渐地增加了,而当降雨超过了50公里时,预言的数量很快增加了。这些调查结果可能在在中国的黄土高原上解决严肃的土壤和水损失的问题是有用的。

  • 标签: 小流域径流 空间异质性 水文模型 SCS CN 中国黄土高原
  • 简介:Linnan潜水艇下垂是Linpan油地区的主要的油制片人。基于油组作文,煤气的层析数据和简历标记分析,从不同油矿的原油在组作文极大地变化了并且在先锋类型,原油成熟和烃depositional的方面显示出明显的异质,这被显示。根据源岩的特征,三张油人口能被区分,即,南部、北、过渡的油人口。根据水库以后的重做的过程,而且,媒介在成熟,六个油家庭和12个亚科产生烃的环境和差别调节是distinquished。综合研究建议在原油作文导致如此的异质的因素主要包括不同源岩,多级式在油/气体移植,水库异质和各种各样的水库以后的第二等的改变期间油/气体收费、geo色析法的效果。

  • 标签: 天然石油 异质性 岩石 成熟度
  • 简介:前列腺癌症是全球癌症相关的死亡的一个领先的原因,但是试图改善诊断并且开发新奇治疗被重要耐心的异质惊讶。在最近的年里,到几百个前列腺瘤的下一代的定序的应用程序定义新奇分子的子类型并且描绘了位于疾病开始和前进下面的广泛的genomic错误。在诊所观察的异质是由与复杂性流行的一处分子的风景的underpinned,现在是清楚的,在genomic重新整理和稀罕变化联合放大transcriptomic差异的地方。这评论把我们前列腺癌症‘的当前的理解;omic的包括拷贝数字变化的哨兵角色,oncogenic熔化基因,chromothripsis的潜在的影响,和在定义联系变化的子类型的突破的成长光谱。增加的证据建议损害经常在特定的细胞的功能和发信号的小径上集成的那genomic,还周期性的基因错误显得稀罕。因此,我们继续定义单个瘤染色体,是批评的,特别在他们的表示transcriptome的上下文。仅仅通过到瘤可变性罐头的瘤的改进描述,我们前进到精确治疗和个性化的肿瘤学的年龄。

  • 标签: 前列腺癌 异质性 分子 测序 前列腺肿瘤 基因组
  • 简介:Heterogeneityofpermeabilityinfracturedmediaisahotresearchtopicinhydrogeology.Numerousapproacheshavebeenproposedtocharacterizeheterogeneityinthelastseveraldecades.However,littleattentionhasbeenpaidtocorrelatepermeabilityheterogeneitywithgeologicalinformation.Inthepresentstudy,severalcausesofpermeabilityheterogeneity,thatis,lithology,tectonism,anddepth,areidentified.Theunitabsorptionvalues(denotedasω),whichareresultsobtainedfromthepackertest,areemployedtorepresentpermeability.Thevariabilityofpermeabilityinsandstone-mudstoneissosignificantthatthevalueofunitabsorptionsspan3-4ordersofmagnitudeatanydepthwithseveraltestsections.Bydeclustering,ithasbeenfoundthatunderasimilartectonichistory,themeansofpermeabilitydiffergreatlyatdifferentformationsasaresultofdifferentmudrockcontents.Ithasalsobeenfoundthatinthesameformation,permeabilitycanbesignificantlyincreasedasaresultoffaulting.Thewell-knownphenomenon,thedecreaseinpermeabilitywithdepth,isfoundtobecausedbythefracturesintherockmass,andtherelationshipbetweenpermeabilityanddepthcanbeestablishedintheformoflogω-logd.Aftersubtractingthetrendofωwithabsolutedepth,themeanoftheresidualvalueateachrelativedepthcanbewellcorrelatedwiththedistributionofmudstone.Themethodsproposedinthispapercanbeutilizedtoresearchinsimilarstudyareas.

  • 标签: 均质砂岩 裂隙介质 岩体裂缝 渗透率 泥岩 小浪底
  • 简介:EarthquakeeventsfromtheIndonesiansubductionzonerecordedinnorthernAustraliashowalongandhigh-frequencycodaassociatedwithbothPandSwaves.RegionaleventsrecordedbyWarramungaarrayinnorthernAustraliacanseparateoutwavepropagationthroughthemantlebyfocusingonthecoherentsignalacrossthemedium-aperturearray.Mostoftheincoherentwavecomponentsresultfromstructuresinthevicinityofthearraywithsmall-scalelengthsof1–2kmorsmaller.Thecoherentphaseswithrelativelyrapidchangesinwaveformsareassociatedwiththescatteringofseismicwavesbycrustalandmantleheterogeneity,butinsomecasecanberelatedtostructuraleffectsnearthesource.Asthedepthofthesourceincreases,thecoherentportionoftheseismicwavefieldtendstobecomemuchsimpler,whichsuggeststhattheheterogeneitytendstoweakenatdepthwithlarger-scalelength.WecomparethecoherentsignalfeaturesofearthquakesfromtheIndonesiansubductionzonethathaveoccurredinrecentyearswiththoseintheearly1980s,firststudiedbyKennett(PhysEarthPlanetInter47:319–332,1987).Thegeneralcharacteristicsofthecoherentsignalvariationwithdepthinrecentyearsarethesameasthoseobservedin1980s,butthevariationsarelarger.Thischangesuggestsastringervariationinheterogeneitywithdepththanbefore,whichmaybearimportantinformationaboutthedynamicprocessesandevolutionofthecrustanduppermantle.

  • 标签: 异质性 俯冲带 上地幔 印尼 地壳 相干信号
  • 简介:Hearingloss(HL)isthemostcommonsensorydisorder,affectingallagegroups,ethnicities,andgen-ders.AccordingtoWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)estimatesin2005,278millionpeopleworldwidehavemoderatetoprofoundHLinbothears.Resultsofthe2002NationalHealthInterviewSurveyindicatethatnearly31millionofallnon-institutionalizedadults(aged18andover)intheUnitedStateshavetroublehearing.Epidemiologicalstudieshaveestimatedthatapproximately50%ofprofoundHLcanbeattributedtogeneticcauses.Withover60genesimplicatedinnonsyndromichearingloss,itisalsoanextremelyhet-erogeneoustrait.Recentprogressinidentifyinggenesresponsibleforhearinglossenablesotolaryngologistsandotherclinicianstoapplymoleculardiagnosisbygenetictesting.Theadventofthe$1000genomehasthepotentialtorevolutionizetheidentificationofgenesandtheirmutationsunderlyinggeneticdisorders.ThisisespeciallytrueforextremelyheterogeneousMendelianconditionssuchasdeafness,wherethemuta-tion,andindeedthegene,maybeprivate.Therecenttechnologicaladvancesintarget-enrichmentmethodsandnextgenerationsequencingofferauniqueopportunitytobreakthroughthebarriersoflimitationsim-posedbygenearrays.Theseapproachesnowallowforthecompleteanalysisofallknowndeafness-causinggenesandwillresultinanewwaveofdiscoveriesoftheremaininggenesforMendeliandisorders.Thisre-viewfocusesondescribinggenotype-phenotypecorrelationsofthemostfrequentgenesincludingGJB2,whichisresponsibleformorethanhalfofcases,followedbyothercommongenesandondiscussingtheim-pactofgenomicadvancesforcomprehensivegenetictestingandgenediscoveryinhereditaryhearingloss.

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  • 简介:AbstractBackground:Re-biopsy of metastasis in advanced breast cancer (ABC) has become an international convention to assist the diagnosis and evaluation of tumor heterogeneity. This study aimed to detect diagnostic diversity and inconsistencies among estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression levels between primary and metastatic lesions.Methods:We conducted a retrospective analysis of 1670 cases of ABC patients who had undergone at least one lesion re-biopsy from January 2010 to December 2018. The pathological diagnosis of biopsies, distribution of biopsy sites, and severe puncture complications at each site were collected. In addition, the inconsistency rates and related factors of ER, PR, and HER2 expression between primary and metastatic lesions were analyzed fully considering patients’ demographic profiles and disease characteristics.Results:In total, 1670 cases of breast cancer (BC) patients diagnosed by pathology underwent one to four biopsies of recurrences or metastases in different sites or at different stages during the rescue treatment, producing 2019 histopathological specimens which were analyzed in the study. Pathological diagnosis showed that eight patients had benign pathological diagnoses, 11 patients had second primary malignant tumors but without recurrences of breast cancer, and 17 patients had pathologically confirmed breast cancer recurrences combined with second primary cancer. In 1173 patients who presented ER, PR, and HER2 expressions in primary and metastatic lesions, the inconsistency rates of ER, PR, and HER2 were 17.5% (205/1173), 31.3% (367/1173), and 13.9% (163/1173), respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that the age at the onset of breast cancer or adjuvant endocrine therapy was an independent factor affecting changes in PR expression level. Except one liver puncture with local hemorrhage and two lung punctures with hemopneumothorax, no other severe puncture complications occurred in 1950 non-surgical rebiopsies.Conclusions:The pathological diagnosis of metastasis re-biopsy of ABC was diverse, and the ER, PR, and HER2 expression levels were inconsistent between primary and metastatic lesions. Therefore, more attention should be paid to perform biopsies of relapsed and metastatic breast cancers routinely in clinical practice.

  • 标签: Biopsy Breast cancer Estrogen receptor Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 Progesterone receptor
  • 简介:ResearchonthelargescalespatialheterogeneityofgreatintraplateshallowearthquakesontheChinesemainlandandadjacentareasdiscussedinthispapershowsthat(1)therearefourmainhighseismicityareas:theNorthChinaseismicareaintheeasternpartofChina(30°-42°N),theSoutheasternCoastseismicareaintheeasternpartofChina(19°-25°N),theNorth-SouthseismicareainthewesternpartofChinaanditsadjacentareas(Burma-China-Mongolia),andtheCentralAsianseismicareainthewesternpartofChinaanditsadjacentareas(Pamir-TianshanMountains-Baikal);(2)thefourintraplateseismicareasthatareapproximatelyperpendiculartothosesectionsoftheEurasiaplateboundarythatsurroundstheChinesemainlandanditsadjacentareas,wheretheEurasiaplatehasastrongseismiccouplingwiththeNorthAmerica-PacificOcean-PhilippineSeaplateandtheIndiaplate;and(3)thelargescalespatialheterogeneityofintraplateseismicityinChinaanditsadjacentareasthatmightbecontrol

  • 标签: HETEROGENEOUS SEISMICITY Coupling MECHANISM Chinese MAINLAND