简介:Cochlearouterhaircells(OHCs)areinvolvedinamechanicalfeedbackloopinwhichthefastsomaticmotilityofOHCsisrequiredforcochlearamplification.Alternatively,amplificationisthoughttoarisefromactivehairbundlemovementsobservedinnon-mammalianhaircells.Wemeasuredthevoltage-evokedhairbundlemotionsinthegerbilcochleatodetermineifsuchmovementsarealsopresentinmammalianOHCs.TheOHCsdisplayedalargehairbundlemovementthatwasnotbasedonmechanotransducerchannelsbutbasedonsomaticmotility.Significantly,bundlemovementswereabletogenerateradialmotionofthetectorialmembraneinsitu.Thisresultimpliesthatthemotility-associatedhairbundlemotionmaybepartofthecochlearamplifier.
简介:Apoptosis,orcontrolledcelldeath,isanormalpartofcellularlifespan.Celldeathofcochlearhaircellscausesdeafness;anapoptoticprocessthatisnotwellunderstood.Worldwide,1.3billionhumanssuffersomeformofhearingloss,while360millionsufferdebilitatinghearinglossasadirectresultoftheabsenceofthesecochlearhaircells(WorldwideHearing,2014).Muchisknownaboutapoptosisinothersystemsandinothercelltypesthankstostudiesdonesincethemid-20thcentury.Herewereviewcurrentliteratureonapoptosisingeneral,andcausesofdeafnessandcochlearhaircellslossasaresultofapoptosis.ThefamilyofB-celllymphoma(Bcl)proteinsareamongthemoststudiedandcharacterized.WewillreviewcurrentliteratureontheBcl2andBcl6proteininteractionsinrelationtoapoptosisandtheirpossiblerolesinvulnerabilityandsurvivalofcochlearhaircells.
简介:Haircellsinthemammalianinnerearareveryfragileandareofteninjuredasaresultofacoustictraumaorexposuretoototoxicdrugs(cisplatin,aminoglycosides,etc)[1].Inamphibiansandbirds,spontaneous
简介:Prestinhasbeenidentifiedasamotorproteinresponsibleforouterhaircell(OHC)electromotilityandisexpressedontheOHCsurface.PreviousstudiesrevealedthatOHCelectromotilityanditsassociatednonlinearcapacitanceweremainlylocatedattheOHClateralwallandabsentattheapicalcuticularplateandthebasalnucleusregion.ImmunofluorescentstainingforprestinalsofailedtodemonstrateprestinexpressionattheOHCbasalendsinwhole-mountpreparationoftheorganofCorti.However,therelacksadefinitivedemonstrationofthepatternofprestindistribution.TheOHClateralwallhasatrilaminateorganizationandiscomposedoftheplasmamembrane,corticallattice,andsubsurfacecisternae.Inthisstudy,thelocationofprestinproteinsindissociatedOHCswasexaminedusingimmunofluorescentstainingandconfocalmicroscopy.Wefoundthatprestinwasuniformlyexpressedonthebasolateralsurface,includingthebasalpole.Nostainingwasseenonthecuticularplateandstereocilia.Whenco-stainedwithamembranemarkerdi-8-ANEPPS,prestin-labelingwasfoundtobeintheouterlayeroftheOHClateralwall.Afterseparatingtheplasmamembranefromtheunderlyingsubsurfacecisternaeusingahypotonicextracellularsolution,prestin-labelingwasfoundtobeintheplasmamembrane,notthesubsurfacecisternae.ThedatashowthatprestinisexpressedintheplasmamembraneontheentireOHCbasolateralsurface.
简介:Thisresearchpresentsanalgorithmforfacedetectionbasedoncolorimagesusingthreemaincomponents:skincolorcharacteristics,haircolorcharacteristics,andadecisionstructurewhichconvertstheobtainedinformationfromskinandhairregionstolabelsforidentifyingtheobjectdependenciesandrejectingmanyoftheincorrectdecisions.Hereweusefacecolorcharacteristicsthathaveagoodresistanceagainstthefacerotationsandexpressions.Thisalgorithmisalsocapableofbeingcombinedwithothermethodsoffacerecognitionineachstagetoimprovethedetection.
简介:Apicalmembranerecyclinghasbeenproposedtobeimportantfornormalhaircellfunction.Thecurrentstudyreportsaninvitroworkthatdemonstratesthepresenceofphosphatidylserine(PS)andPS-positivevesicleslabeledbyAnnexinVintheapicalportionofhaircells.ThefollowingcharacteristicsofthePS-positivevesicleswerenoticedusingscanningconfocalfluorescencemicroscopy:(1)variablesizesaround200nm;(2)variabledistributionpatterns(eitheruniformlyalongindividualstereociliainthehairbundleorirregular)inthestereociliafromcelltocell;(3)variablesizesandnumbersatlocationsalongtheborderofthecuticularplate(CP),withalargenumberofthemlocatedatthevestigalkinociliallocation;(4)motilitywithsomeofthevesiclesduringtheobservationperiod;(5)increaseinPSlabelingandthenumberofPS-positivevesiclesafterloudsoundstimulation;and(6)decreasedPSlabelingandPS-positivevesiclenumbersfollowingtreatmentwithLY-294002,aPI3-kinaseinhibitor.TheseresultssuggestthatthepresenceofPS-positivevesiclesattheapicalareaofhaircellsmaybeindicativeofvesiclesheddingortransportationofaproteinorrafts.