简介：SulfatecanbeactivatedbyATPsulfurylaseandadenosine5’-phosphosulfatekinase(APSK)invivo.RecentstudiessuggestedthatAPSKinArabidopsisthalianaregulatedthepartitionbetweenAPSreductionandphosphorylationanditsactivitycanbemodulatedbycellularredoxstatus.InordertostudyregulationofAPSKinrice(OsAPSK),OsAPSK1genewasclonedanditsactivitywasanalyzed.OsAPSK1C36andC69werefoundtobetheconservedcounterpartsofC86andC119,whichinvolvedindisulfideformationinAtAPSK.C36A/C69AOsAPSK1doublemutationwasmadebysitedirectedmutagenesis.OsAPSK1anditsmutantwereprokaryoticallyover-expressedandpurified,andthenassayedforAPSphosphorylationactivity.OsAPSK1activitywasdepressedbyoxidizedglutathione,whiletheactivityofitsmutantwasnot.Furtherstudiesinthecasethatoxidativestresswillfluctuateinvivo3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfatecontent,andallAPSKisoenzymeshavesimilarregulationpatternsarenecessarytobeperformed.

简介：Apopulationofricebrownplanthopper(BPH)NilaparvatalugenscollectedfromapaddyfieldinHangzhouwassuccessivelyrearedonsusceptiblericeTaichungNative1(TN1)inalaboratoryfreefrominsecticidesformorethan14generations.Thechangesinsusceptibilitytoinsecticidesandecologicalfitnessondifferentresistantricevarietiesweremonitoredineachgeneration.Theresistanceratiotoimidaclopridsharplydeclinedwiththesuccessionofrearinggenerationswithoutinsecticidesfrom359.94-foldatF1to6.50-foldatF14comparedwiththesusceptiblestrain,andtheresistanceratiotochlorpyrifoswasfrom9.90-foldatF1to5.94-foldatF14.Nymphaldurationandweightsofnewlyhatchedfemaleadultsweresignificantlyaffectedbyricevariety,generationandtheirinteractions,butnymphalsurvivalwassignificantlyaffectedbythegenerationonly.Theratioofbrachypterousadultsinmaleswasaffectedbythegenerationandgeneration×varietyinteraction,whereasnodifferencewasfoundinfemales.Nymphaldurationextendedwithincreasinggenerations,andthefemalenymphaldurationwasshorterinthesusceptiblevarietyTN1thanthoseintheresistantvarietiesIR26andIR36.Inaddition,thefemaleadultweightinTN1washigherthanthoseinIR26andIR36.TheseresultsindicatedthattheresistanceoffieldBPHpopulationtoinsecticideswasreversedafterseveralgenerationsofno-exposuretoinsecticides,andtheecologicalfitnessinTN1washigherthanthoseinIR26andIR36.ThesefindingssuggestedtherationalandreduceduseofinsecticidesincombinationwiththemanipulationofresistantricevarietieswouldbeeffectiveforBPHmanagement.

简介：ThecompleteopenreadingframeofOsPIN1awasamplifiedthroughreversetranscriptase-polymerasechainreaction(RT-PCR)basedonthesequencedepositedinGenBanktoexploretherelationshipbetweentheauxineffluxproteinOsPIN1aandthenegativephototropismofriceroots.SequencingresultsshowedthattheGCcontentofOsPIN1awas65.49%.ThefusionexpressionvectorpCAMBIA-1301-OsPIN1a::GFPcontainingtheOsPIN1ageneandacodinggreenfluorescentprotein(gfp)genewasconstructed.ThefusionvectorwastransferredintoonionepidermalcellsbyAgrobacteriumtumefacienstransformation.ThetransientexpressionofOsPIN1a-GFPwasmainlylocatedinthenucleusandcellmembrane.Moreover,thetransgenicplantswereobtainedbyAgrobacterium-mediatedgenetictransformation.MoleculardetectionperformedbyusingPCRandβ-glucuronidasestainingshowedthatthetargetconstructwasintegratedintothegenomeofrice.Thenegativephototropiccurvaturesofthetransgenicricerootswerehigherthanthoseofthewildtype.Similarly,theexpressionlevelsofOsPIN1ainthetransgenicplantswereconsiderablyhigherthanthoseinthewild-typeplants.TheseresultssuggestthatOsPIN1aiscrucialinthenegativephototropiccurvatureofriceroots.

简介：TheexpressionpatternsofOsPIL11,oneofsixputativephytochrome-interactingfactors,wereanalyzedindifferentorgansoftransgenictobacco(Nicotianatabacum).TheexpressionofOsPIL11wasorgan-specificandwasregulatedbyleafdevelopment,abscisicacid(ABA),jasmonicacid(JA)andsalicylicacid(SA).TofurtherexploretheroleofOsPIL11inplantlightsignaltransduction,aplantexpressionvectorofOsPIL11wasconstructedandintroducedintotobacco.Whengrownundercontinuousredlight,OsPIL11-overexpressedtransgenictobaccoexhibitedshorterhypocotylsandlargercotyledonsandleavescomparedtowild-typeseedlings.Whengrownundercontinuousfar-redlight,however,transgenicandwild-typeseedlingsshowedsimilarphenotypes.TheseresultsindicatethatOsPIL11isinvolvedinredlightinducedde-etiolation,butnotinfar-redlightinducedde-etiolationintransgenictobacco,whichlaysthefoundationfordissectingthefunctionofOsPIL11inphytochrome-mediatedlightsignaltransductioninrice.

简介：RiceisanimportantfoodcropinChina,andthedevelopmentofhybridriceisacrucialwaytoincreasegrainyield.Thecreationofdual-purposenuclear-sterilelinesfortwo-linehybridbreedinghasbecomevitalforcommercialricebreeding.WeconstructedthepC1300-2x35S::Cas9-sgRNAPTGMS2-1expressionvectorforeditingthemalefertilitygenePTGMS2-1intwowidelycompatiblericevarieties,93-11andHuazhan,byusingtheCRISPR/Cas9system.Weobtainedthemarker-freephotoperiod-/thermo-sensitivegenicmale-sterile(P/TGMS)linesinT1generation.Accordingtotheexperimentsinphytotronwithfourtemperatureandphotoperiodtreatments,wefoundthetemperatureisthemainfactorforrestoringthepollenfertilityofptgms2-1mutantsin93-11andHuazhan,andthephotoperiodalsohassomeeffectsonpollenfertilityintwodifferentricebackgrounds.Theapplicationofcultivatingnewmale-sterilelinesbygenomeeditingsystemwillsignificantlyacceleratethericebreedingprocess.

简介：Precisebaseeditingishighlydesiredinplantfunctionalgenomicresearchandcropmolecularbreeding.Inthisstudy,weconstructedarice-codonoptimizedadeninebaseeditor(ABE)-nCas9toolthatinducedtargetedA·TtoG·Cpointmutationofakeysinglenucleotidepolymorphismsiteinanimportantagriculturalgene.Combinedwiththemodifiedsingle-guideRNAvariant,ourplantABEtoolcanefficientlyachieveadeninebaseeditinginthericegenome.

简介：Thewaxygene(Wx)inrice,whichencodesthegranuleboundstarchsynthaseenzyme,isresponsibleforamylosesynthesis.Glutinous(sticky)ricehaslittleornoamylosethatcanbeusedinvariousapplications,suchasbrewing.Inthisstudy,knockoutoftheWxgenewithCRISPR/Cas9technologywasconductedintwoelitejaponicaricelines,Huaidao5(HD5)andSuken118(SK118),aimingtodevelopelitestickyricevarieties.WeachievedsixhomozygousT0plantswithmorethan200bpdeletionintheWxgene,aswellas36wx-HD5and18wx-SK118homozygoustransgene-freeplantsintheT1generation.Theseedsofallthemutantswerewhiteandopaque,similartothoseofstickyrice,andcontainedonly2.6%–3.2%amylose.Resultsofscanningelectronmicroscopyshowedthatthequalityofricedidnotchange.Inconclusion,wesuccessfullydevelopedtwoelitestickyricevarieties.

简介：EliminationoftheCRISPR/Cas9constructsineditedplantsisaprerequisiteforassessinggeneticstability,conductingphenotypiccharacterization,andapplyingforcommercializationoftheplants.However,removaloftheCRISPR/Cas9transgenesbygeneticsegregationandbybackcrossislaboriousandtimeconsuming.WepreviouslyreportedthedevelopmentofthetransgenekillerCRISPR(TKC)technologythatusesapairofsuicidegenestotriggerself-eliminationofthetransgeneswithoutcompromisinggeneeditingefficiency.TheTKCtechnologyenablesisolationoftransgene-freeCRISPR-editedplantswithinasinglegeneration,greatlyacceleratingcropimprovements.Here,wepresentedtwonewTKCvectorsthatshowgreatefficiencyinbotheditingthetargetgeneandinundergoingself-eliminationofthetransgenes.ThenewvectorsreplacedtheCaMV35SpromoterusedinourpreviousTKCvectorwithtworicepromoterstodriveoneofthesuicidegenes,providingadvantagesoverourpreviousTKCvectorundercertainconditions.Thevectorsreportedhereofferedmoreoptionsandflexibilitytoconductgeneeditingexperimentsinrice.

简介：Ricecultivationisconsideredtobeinitiatedbyvegetativepropagationofsproutfromwildperennialstocks.Totestwhetheranypresentlycultivatedricecultivarcansurvivethewintercoldornot,ricestocksofseveralcultivarsincludingindicaandjaponicatypeswereplacedinashallowpoolfromOctobertoAprilin2015–2016and2016–2017.Duringthecoldestperiodofthewinter,thebasesofthestockswereplaced5–6cmbelowthesurfaceofwater,wheretemperaturesrangedfrom3oCto5oC,whilethesurfacewasfrozenfortwoorthreetimesandcoveredwithsnowforaday.Onlyonecultivar,Nipponbare,ajaponicatype,survivedthewintercoldandregeneratedsproutsintheendofAprilorearlyMay.Apossibilitytodevelopperennialcultivationofriceorperennialhybridriceisdiscussed.

简介：Moreaccurateestimationofcropevapotranspiration(ETc)inaregionalscalehasalwaysbeenoneofthemostimportantchallenges.TemporalandspatialmonitoringofETcusingsatelliteimagescanhelptoenhanceaccuracyofestimations.Inthisstudy,the(ETc)ricemapswereproducedbyusingstatistical/experimentalmethodsbasedoncropcoefficient(Kc)mapsderivedfromvegetationindex(VI).Kcwasestimatedusingfourmethods,includinglinearrelationshipbetweenKcandVI(Kc-VI),calibratedmodelofKc-VI,linearrelationshipbetweenKcb(thebasalcropcoefficient)andVI(Kcb-VI),andcalibratedmodelofKcb-VI.TheresultsshowedthatcalibratedmodelofKc-VIhadabetterperformancecomparedtotheothermethods,withnormalizedrootmeansquareerrors(NRMSE),meanabsoluteerrorandrootmeansquareerrorbeing5.7%,0.05mm/dand0.06mm/d,respectively.(ETc)ricemapswereproducedbyusingcalibratedmodelofKc-VIandreferenceevapotranspiration(ET0)fromFAOPenman-Monteithmethod.TheNRMSEwas21.3%forusingFAOPenman-Monteithmethod.Therefore,calibratedKc-VImodelincombiningwithET0basedontheLandsat7ETM+imagescouldbeprovidedagoodestimationof(ETc)riceinregionalscale,andcanbeappliedtoestimatewaterrequirementduetothefreeandfacilitateaccess.

简介：Adoptionofcertifiedandimprovedhigh-yieldingcropvarietiesisimportantavenueforincreasingagriculturalproductivityandimprovingthelivingstandardofthefarmersindevelopingcountries.ThemainobjectiveofthecurrentstudywastoexaminefactorsaffectingadoptionofimprovedricevarietiesbysmallholderfarmersinNorthernSindh,Pakistan.Therandomsamplingtechniquewasusedtocollectdatafrom220smallholderricefarmersthroughthefacetofaceinterview.Datawereanalyzedusingdescriptivestatisticsandprobitregressionmodel.Theempiricalresultsshowedthatyearofeducation(P≤0.093),farmingexperience(P≤0.043),soilquality(P≤0.077),farmmachineryownership(P≤0.000),accesstomarketinformation(P≤0.055)andcontactwithextensionagents(P≤0.006)hadsignificantlypositiveinfluenceonadoptionofimprovedricevariety,whileage(P≤0.053)hadsignificantlynegativeeffect.

简介：LuangPrabangProvinceislocatedwithinthearearecognizedasthecenterofrice(OryzasativaL.)diversityinLaoPDR.Thisstudyreportedongrainqualitycharacteristicsof60uplandriceseedsamplessharing49varietynamescollectedfrom6villagesinLuangPrabangin2015.Mostofthesampleshasnon-pigmentedpericarp,whileredpericarpwasfoundinfoursamplesandpurpleinfivesamples.Almostallofthesampleswereoflargegraintype,withglutinousendospermin70%andnon-glutinousendospermin30%.Thebrown(unpolished)ricewasfoundwithawiderangeofgrainnutritionalquality,includingprotein(9.2%±0.9%),Fe(15.9±6.9mg/kg),Zn(19.6±2.1mg/kg),anthocyanin(0.774±0.880mg/g),andanti-oxidativecapacity(2.071±1.373mg/g).Thevarietiessharingsimilarnameshadsimilarmorphologicalcharacteristicsbutvariedinnutritionalconcentration,withrequiredconfirmationingeneticvariationanalysis.Thisstudyfoundthatsomericevarietieswithhighgrainqualitymaybenefitthefarmersdirectlyorcouldbeusedinvarietalimprovementprograms.

简介：AerobicricetechnologyisstillnewinMalaysia,andinformationregardingMARDIAerob1(MA1),thefirstlocalaerobicricevariety,isstilllacking.Therefore,comparativestudieswerecarriedouttodeterminethephysiologicalperformanceofaerobicricevarietyMA1andlowlandricevarietyMR253underwaterstressgivenatthepanicleinitiation,floweringandripeningstages.Thisexperimentwasarrangedinarandomizedcompleteblockdesign.Stomatalconductance(gs),chlorophyllafluorescence(Fv/Fm),leafrelativewatercontent(leafRWC),andsoilmoisturecontent(SMC)aswellasyieldcomponentparameterssuchaspaniclenumber,grainyieldand100-grainweightweremeasured.ResultsrevealedthatgsandleafRWCforbothvarietiesdecreasedwithdepletionofSMC.ThecorrelationstudybetweenthephysiologicalparametersandSMCindicatedthatFv/Fmwasnotaffectedbywaterstress,regardlessofvarieties.Theyieldcomponents(paniclenumber,grainyieldand100-grainweight)forbothvarietiesgreatlydecreasedwhenwaterstresswasimposedatthepanicleinitiationstage.Thisstudyshowedthatthepanicleinitiationperiodwasthemostsensitivestagetowaterstressthatcontributedtoasubstantialreductioninyieldforbothvarieties.Undertheaerobiccondition(control),MR253producedhigherpaniclenumber,100-grainweightandyieldthanMA1.AlthoughMR253isbredforlowland,itiswelladaptedtoaerobiccondition.

简介：Smallubiquitin-likemodifier(SUMO)-conjugatingenzymesareinvolvedinpost-translationalregulatoryprocessesineukaryotes,includingtheconjugationofSUMOpeptidestoproteinsubstrate(SUMOylation).SUMOylationplaysanimportantroleinimprovingplanttolerancetoabioticstresssuchassalt,drought,heatandcold.Herein,wereportedtheisolationofOsSCE1(LOC_Os10g39120)geneencodingaSUMO-conjugatingenzymefromrice(Oryzasativacv.Nipponbare)anditsfunctionalvalidationinresponsetodroughtstress.TheE2enzyme,OsSCE1,isoneofthreekeyenzymesinvolvedintheconjugationofSUMOtoitstargetproteins.ActivatedSUMOistransferredtothecysteineofanE2enzymeandthentothetargetlysineresidueofthesubstrate,withorwithoutthehelpofanE3SUMOligase.ExpressionofOsSCE1wasstronglyinducedbypolyethyleneglycol6000(PEG6000)treatment,whichsuggestedOsSCE1maybeinvolvedinthedroughtstressresponse.OverexpressionofOsSCE1(OsSCE1-OX)inNipponbarereducedthetolerancetodroughtstress.Conversely,thedroughttolerancewasslightlyimprovedbytheknockdownofOsSCE1(OsSCE1-KD).TheseresultswerefurthersupportedbymeasurementofprolinecontentinOsSCE1-OXandOsSCE1-KDtransgeniclinesunderinduceddroughtstress,whichshowedOsSCE1-KDtransgeniclinesaccumulatedhigherprolinecontentthanthewildtype,whereasOsSCE1-OXlinehadlowerprolinecontentthanthewildtype.ThesefindingssuggestedOsSCE1mayplayaroleasanegativeregulatorinresponsetodroughtstressinrice.

简介：Thehighgrowth-stimulatingeffectofplantextracthasurgedtheplantbiotechnologiststousenaturalsupplementsintheculturemediainsteadofsyntheticphytohormones.Weadvocatedtheeffectofsproutedsorghumextract(SSE)onemergence,invitroacclimatization,andgeneticfidelityincoleoptilederivedcallusofindicaricevarietyADT36.TheuseofSSEwithMurashigeSkoogmediumefficientlyacclimatizedtherootandshootapicalsystems.Ahighermatandseminalroots(3.4gbiomass)withanefficientshootprimordiumelongationwereobservedwithanincreaseintheconcentrationofSSE.SeedstreatedwithSSEmediumshowedhighergerminationandearliercoleoptilematurationabout48hcomparedtountreatedseeds,andtherewasahigherexpressionofeEF-1αwithanincreaseincoleoptilelength.B5mediumwaseffectiveoninducingembryogenicandnodularcallusfrom3-day-oldcoleoptilewith3.0mg/L2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceticacidandfurtherproliferatedeffectivelywith0.8mg/Lkinetinwithafreshweightof180mg.Highlysignificantregenerationwasobservedwithcombinationof2.5mg/L6-benzylaminopurineand3.0mg/Lα-naphthaleneaceticacid.Themetabolicandgeneticprofilesofinvitroanddirectlycultivatedplantswerethesame,examinedthroughFourier-transforminfraredspectroscopy,randomamplifiedpolymorphicDNA(RAPD),inter-simplesequencerepeat(ISSR)andR-ISSR(combinationofRAPDandISSR)markers,respectively,andthusconfirmingthesignificantefficacyoftheSSEincorporatedmedium.DisarmedT-DNAwastransformedtocoleoptilederivedcallusthroughAgrobacteriumtumefaciensLBA4404andconfirmedbyGUSassay.TheT-DNAintegrationwasconfirmedbyDNAblotanalysisusingDNAfromtransientGUS-expressedexplants.Thus,SSEcanbeusedasanaturalandorganicsupplementfororganogenesisandefficientacclimatizationsofshootandrootapicalmeristemsinregeneratedplants.

简介：Ricesheathblight,causedbyRhizoctoniasolani(Kühn),isanotorioussoil-bornediseaseprevalentinmanyrice-growingregions.AlthoughseveralsporadicstudiesofmycovirusesinR.solaniAG-1IAhavebeenreportedforsinglestrainofR.solaniAG-1IA,therehavebeennoreportsdescribingthedistributionanddiversityofmycovirusesinnaturalpopulations.Inthisstudy,43R.solaniAG-1IAstrainscollectedfromdifferentlocationsinChinawereexaminedforthepresenceofdsRNAelementstoconfirmthepresenceofviralinfections.Electrophoretypesshowedthat16ofthe43fungalstrains(37.2%)containeddsRNAsthatcanbecharacterizedasviruses.Furthermore,thespecies-specificreversetranscriptionPCR(RT-PCR)showeddsRNAbandswithsimilarsizesdonotalwayscontainthesamevirusbutexistasmixedmycoviralinfections.Thus,ourfindingsindicatemycovirusesinfectingR.solaniAG-1IAinChinaarediverse,widespreadanduniversal.

简介：Bacterialleafblightofrice(BLB),causedbyXanthomonasoryzaepv.oryzae,isoneofthemostdestructivediseasesinAsianricefields.Ahigh-qualityricevariety,LT2,wasusedastherecipientparent.IRBB21,whichcarriestheXa21gene,wasusedasthedonorparent.TheresistancegeneXa21wasintroducedintoLT2bymarker-assistedbackcrossing.ThreeXooraceswereusedtoinoculatetheimprovedlinesfollowingtheclippingmethod.ElevenBC3F3linescarryingXa21wereobtainedbasedonmolecularmarkersandagronomicperformance.The11linesweretheninoculatedwiththethreeXooraces.Allthe11improvedlinesshowedbetterresistancetoBLBthantherecipientparentLT2.BasedonthelevelofresistancetoBLBandtheiragronomicperformance,fivelines(BC3F35.1.5.1,BC3F35.1.5.12,BC3F38.5.6.44,BC3F39.5.4.1andBC3F39.5.4.23)wereselectedasthemostpromisingforcommercialrelease.Theseimprovedlinescouldcontributetoriceproductionintermsoffoodsecurity.

简介：Thisstudyinvestigatedtheeffectofgammaradiationonthedigestibilityandfunctionalpropertiesofricestarch.RicecultivarsIRGA417andIAC202wereusedforisolationofstarchbythealkalinemethod.Starchsampleswereirradiatedwith1,2and5kGydosesof60Coatarateof0.4kGy/h.Acontrolsample,whichwasnotirradiated,wasusedforcomparison.Irradiatedandcontrolstarcheswerecharacterizedbyinvitrostarchdigestibility,totaldietaryfiber,color,waterabsorptionindex,watersolubilityindex,syneresis,swellingfactor,amyloseleaching,pastingpropertiesandgelfirmness.Irradiationschangedstarchdigestibilitydifferentlyineithercultivar.Increasingradiationdosespromotedincreaseinthecolorparameterb*(yellow),elevationinthecapacitytoabsorbwater,andsolubilityinwateraswellastheamyloseleachedfromgranulesforbothcultivars.Pastingpropertiesshowedadecreasethatwasproportionaltothedoseapplied,causedbythedepolymerizationofstarchmolecules.GelfirmnessofthestarchfromIAC202wasinverselyproportionaltotheradiationdoseapplied,whereasforIRGA417,therewasareductionat5kGydose.Ricestarchescanbemodifiedbyirradiationtoexhibitdifferentfunctionalcharacteristicsandtheycanbeusedbythefoodindustriesinproductssuchassoups,desserts,flans,puddingsandothers.

简介：Inthisstudy,effectsoftemperature,lightandtheirinteractionsonallelopathiceffectsandthefunctionaltraitsspecificleafarea(SLA)andstemmassfraction(SMF)ofdifferentallelopathicpotentialriceaccessionsatdifferentgrowthstageswereanalyzed.Themainresultswereasfollows:Allelopathicresponsestotemperatureandlightvariedwithdifferentallelopathicpotentialriceaccessionsatdifferentgrowthstages.Withtheriseoftemperatureandtheextensionofphotoperiod,allelopathiceffectincreasedfirstlyandthendecreasedat2–3leafstage,butincreasedconstantlyatthe4–5and7–8leafstagesinstrongallelopathicriceaccessions[O.longistaminata,F1(O.longistaminata×RD23),F2(RL159andRL169)].Temperaturehadsignificantimpactonallelopathiceffectwithoutconsideringlightfactors,butlightshowedlittleeffectonriceallelopathyatthesametemperatureconditions.Thegreatestallelopathiceffectwasattainedwithmoderatetemperatureandlongphotoperiodat2–3leafstageinstrongallelopathicriceaccessions,butallthericeaccessionsshowedweakallelopathiceffectsatthelowtemperaturecondition(15oC/10oC),andtheinfluenceofdifferentfactorsonallelopathyfollowedageneraltrendastemperature>leafstage>light,indicatingthatamongthemultiplefactorsimpactingriceallelopathy,temperaturewasthemainfactor.AllelopathiccharacteristicsofF1andF2tovarioustemperatureandlightweresimilartoO.longistaminata,showingthatallelopathicgenesfromwildricecanbeexpressedinitsdescendants.TemperatureandlightalsohadsignificanteffectsonSLAandSMF,andriceallelopathywascloselycorrelativetoSLAinstrongallelopathicriceaccessionsatthe4–5and7–8leafstages,buttherewasnocorrelationbetweenriceallelopathyandSMFatdifferentgrowthstages.TheseresultssuggestedthatriceadjusttherelationshipbetweenallelopathyandSLAandadapttothevariedenvironments,andthathightemperatureandlon

简介：Introgressionlines(ILs)derivedfrominterspecificcrossesareasourceofnewgeneticvariability.Atotalof55ILsderivedfromtwocrossesSwarna×O.nivaraIRGC81848(populationA)andSwarna×O.nivaraIRGC81832(populationB)werecharacterizedforyieldandyield-relatedtraits/QTLs.Segregationof103simplesequencerepeat(SSR)markersassociatedwithyield-relatedQTLswasstudied.PopulationAshowedanaverageof12.6%homozygousO.nivaraallelesandpopulationBshowed10.6%.Interestingly,threeSSRmarkers,RM223,RM128andRM517,showedconspicuouspatternofsegregation.ThedistributionofparentalallelesatthreelociRM223,RM128andRM517linkedtoyield-relatedtraitswasunique.Thesemarkersflankedtoseveralyield-relatedQTLs.RM223,flankingtoqyld8.3,washeterozygousinalmostallthe55ILsexceptinIL10-3SandIL131S.RM128onchromosome1andRM517onchromosome3weremutuallyexclusivein46outof55ILs.These46ILsshowedeitherofthemarkeralleleRM128orRM517fromO.nivarabutnotboth.IL166ShadbothRM128andRM517fromO.nivaraandtheotherILsshowedhomozygousSwarnaalleleatRM517exceptIL65S.Populationstructureassignedthe55ILstothreesub-populationsbasedontheirgenomicdiversity.IL65S,IL166S,IL248S,IL7KandIL250Kshowedhighyieldsinmulti-locationtrials,andIL248SwasreleasedforcultivationasDRRDhan40.